[Music] [Music] one of our most important systems with which we interact with with the world and with all the food that we ingest that it's in a homeostatic balance and at the gut level this means several things it means that the gut associated immune system which is just microns underneath thee the lumen of the gut is is is in a non activated State it means that the the permeability the between the lumen of the gut and the immune system is is not compromised it and that implies that the mucous layer that lines that actually means two things it means that the mucous layer that lines niigata epithelium is intact and secondly means that the that the tightness of junctions between epithelial cells is high so microbes or microbial products cannot directly access the gut associated immune system I would say that you could also include that the gut motility that the transit through the gut and it is absolute varies based on depending on the region within the GI tract is it an optimal speed to facilitate to optimize absorption it also means that secretion into the gut lumen of fluids is and absorption [Music] well there's there's a range of diseases so if you go on the one extreme the inflammatory bowel diseases including celiac disease Crohn's disease ulcerative colitis where you actually have a chronic state of immune activation in the gut associated with increased permeability is a chronic engagement of the immune system chronic exposure to gut microbial products or membrane components and on the other side and you have the so called functional or motility disorders of the gut or it's difficult to really detect any anatomical abnormalities such as but you see you know patients have symptoms of discomfort and and pain and alter bowel habits and yes so far you know despite intense search you really people have not identified positive changes they could explain those symptoms so a wide range from from information chronic inflammation to this function without detectable organic finding so we're just at the beginning we'll use our computer understanding of the gut microbiome in its complexity with you know trillions of organisms and hundreds of thousands of metabolites thousand species so this is a very complex system and I think we're just really touching on the surface right now understanding but one thing is is becoming clear that the microbes in the microbiome you know are the major interface between nutrition the the things that we ingest and and the gut and the you know all the cells with all the other systems from the got the immune system the endocrine system so it's almost like he could say the the gut microbiome translates the components from food into molecules signaling molecules that reach the gut first but also as we know today most other organs within the body so it's you could say it's a it's a decoding mechanism that translates the information that's stored in food into into a message that is readable understandable by our human cells [Music] absolutely are in the you know my particularly my particular interest always has been the the interactions between the gut and in the nervous central nervous system and in that area you know there's some concepts have come up based on on very provocative studies in in experimental animals that these molecules that the gut microbiome produces can have a potential panther physiological role in in many brain disorders from Alzheimer's to Parkinson's to you know multiple sclerosis so there's even depression and and and anxiety well I mean if you look at our nature proms global health problems right now in the developed world particularly you know it is obesity metabolic syndrome and the consequences of these diseases it's also the rise in autoimmune diseases it's the rising autism spectrum disorders slower rise in depression both an increase in Alzheimer's disease so we have we have a range of chronic illnesses that were faced with that have all increased now 6070 years pretty dramatically actually and we have know from you know up to recently have no good explanation why that is happening nor do we have very effective therapies for any one of those disorders if you look at obesity you know we don't really have any anything that that produces sustained benefit and so the hope is and the the big potential promise is that by that the alteration of microbiome is the key to the understanding of holidays and [Music]