[Music] I've got a co-author on this presentation Collins Gaines he is a stress physiologist one of the most renowned in the world and we talked about this to put this presentation together and another stress physiologist that I need to mention is the late dr. Jay Paul Thaxton he passed away when I was at Mississippi State working with him and his wife gave me this tie so I wore it today in his honor but not only is it stress physiologist but these chickens look pretty stressed on this tie so I thought it was good the way or today okay it's a pleasure to be here in the beautiful city so I posed a question to start so if we take a teenager from this beautiful city and we put them in the beautiful countryside and we take a teenager from the beautiful countryside we put them in the beautiful city which one's gonna have stress so the point is much of the stress that we think about can be our emotional stress okay and our perceived stress in heat stress it's very important to understand you've got to have a control and it's been mentioned a number of times throughout the presentations today for example in the meta-analysis some of the data was thrown out because it's very easy to do a hot temperature experiment but if the hot temperature experiment doesn't have a valid control to estimate the degree of difference of which the stress caused then you can't call it stress period and because stress is a treatment you typically have to have those treatments replicated throughout one facility compared to another so in reality when you look at heat stress there's not a lot of data out there that's been published and I'm going to cover quite a bit of what I can conceptually this is a classical representation of stress we worry a little bit everything goes up we have an alarm we get better okay the problem is this is a classical way to express the stress dr. skeins just finished in the new physiology book so how many of you studied Sturkey physiology in college one two three four five I can't raise your hands this is scaring me here you're supposed to all the study this okay all right anyway it's a different book the picture was different so okay so with stir Keys physiology it's just been rewritten and dr. skeins and I had a discussion about stress and this is how he interprets it now okay the phase is completely different and it should be this way because when we're stressed out we're burning calories we're excited things are going down okay and then we recover if things don't go down we keep going down for example how do you get rid of stress it's very simple you die okay then it's gone okay but you've got to recover okay so you recover to the point of adequacy now in this presentation a number of different things will be mentioned with amino acids that I'll get into conversions processing yields excretion products one thing that hasn't been mentioned that I think is very very important as mingun talked about with the environment is water conversion for example we don't think a lot about water conversion but with stress it's going to go up so three areas that I will go into the first being immunological then physiological and then most of the presentations is with hot temperature so first with the immune system I covered a few papers from the laboratory of glazing and UC Davis this paper is a classic and it talks about methionine and lysine needs with physiological stress so the first graph you see math I mean so you have two different responses here one is speed conversion okay one is body weight gain Pierre Andre can you see that Mouse okay both slip both screens I'll just use this so for example with the control now I'm wondering if you can hear me in the back yeah you can hear me good you've got the control the response is basically linear and then a plateaus off okay so the bird based on the immunologic stress and the conversion or the rhe partitioning of nutrients does not need the amount of methane Nina that typically did the same is true with lysine and this stress is very real this is the lip of polysaccharide which is a starch cell wall of a bacteria which we see more of in various programs that are ABF so it's very real we see the same response of lysine this work goes back to the days where penicillin was used to create germ-free environments this is when the antibiotics came on the market because we figured out they would be sterilized the intestine and we allowed the nutrient utilization to occur basically in a sub therapeutic environment we really could get tremendous growth in broilers well the problem is is we're moving away from that these are acronyms at the top that we use in the United States ABF na e in RW a which is raised without antibiotics and i think we're going to have to reevaluate a number of different things with stress in terms of disease stress and hematologic stress with amino acid requirements because we have a complete change in the response many countries I think treat birds differently in the United States to have these terms which is a B if in a year rwa you never can give the bird an antibiotic not even a nuovo so if the bird gets sick can you treat it it doesn't get marketed in that class so we have about 35% of our birds that have never received antibiotics the United States now so we're changing how we look at nutrition physiologic stress just a couple of points to mention here quarter Cristero is the compound that is used to induce the physiologic stress for the most part the point is is you see a complete partitioning in organs more whole body fat less whole body protein exactly what you don't want when you're selling meat or we're selling chicken in terms of the fat it's everywhere it's the abdominal it's the cervical and also on the thigh you see higher levels of petechial fat in the high in the vine so some effects there this is work that I'd like to just briefly talk about that mirdon who finished his PhD with me looked at physiological stress and he did so by creating a model because this goes back to the first slide where I talked about when you look at stress create a model that you can replicate and that you can compare to an industry standard for example well this model that worked was the use of corticosteroid as opposed to ACTH we did a number of amino acid density trials with this stress we didn't see any significant improvements with amino acid density but I wanted to show you this model also you see the header fill the lymphocyte ratio which was mentioned in the first presentation is going up with with the stress so what he did then with these model induction of stress was evaluated amino acid digestibility so Ravi did a great job at presenting the amino acid jest ability under hot temperature I wanted to show this part and basically it shows when the bird is chronically stressed with physiological stress for feed conversion is terrible body weight is terrible there was no significant difference in any of the amino acids for amino acid digestibility and just wanted to show this part because this was part of a ph.d program that I was very close to one last point on physiological stress this is delayed placement work and what was found in this delayed placement work is that it didn't really call stress but when they looked at a remediation for example with glutamine to try to overcome the stress they found very significant things with glutamine they found improved Villa hide and crypt depth in this particular example and I'll talk about that in the last couple of slides on amino acids and hot temperatures so moving in to the hot temperature mingkun and did a nice job on the feed intake he talked about removal of feed in these in these birds and gave me a jungle fowl update which I always like to go back to the the classical birds and think about but there's a number of concepts here with poultry nutrition energy coming from fat for example more so than carbohydrates or protein in the pressure points of amino acids trying to meet those with nontraditional for example the less limiting feed great amino acids versus all save meals toward ingredients that improve the buffering elect dr. ferry already mentioned this in terms of sodium bicarbonate for example the last one towards increasing amino acid I put specs amino acid specs I used to the word specs because I don't use requirement because there's really no such thing and there's obviously no such thing with hot temperature me know a suspect's per unit of energy this has been around had made that we talked about twenty years this has been around for forty years Hurwitz Thomas from Israel and Marilyn respectively published this work in the in LA 70s in the early 80s and I think well what I've done here is made a point at the end that some of these ratios are gonna vary and I don't know what those ratios are but I'll give you some of the data and we'll talk about it one more slide before I focus on specific amino acids this is mortality in the United States so I graphed all companies from 2006 this goes to 2016 what's this bump right here anybody what's that increase in mortality right here that's us adjusting to our ABF programs okay we're learning we're learning a lot okay a lot of chickens are dying because of it but we're learning how to grow them better but I'd like to make years and hot temperatures we've got a hundred and forty complexes in the US and about a hundred and thirty of them have hot temperatures in June and July typical complex as a million birds a week so that's 130 million birds a week if you figure one percent mortality in the United States which is about two hundred and fifty thousand dollars over a year for a complex that's over thirty million dollars just for one percent mortality in the United States that doesn't consider what we've been talking about dr. Ferrier mentioned some of this yourfeet conversion your calorie conversion if you adjust your calorie of conversion back to the weight of which you lost we're not even about that so it's major in terms of even in the United States and most of what we have we call Class A houses which your solid sidewalls tunnel ventilation cool cells one more point before I go through some of the data I forgot to have this slide here I can't go into the heat stress without talking about heat shock proteins because this is my major professor from NC State Mooka Rob Qureshi and dr. Qureshi published a number of experiments looking to heat shock proteins so basically these cells are releasing heat shock proteins and when they do they become stressed when they become stressed they don't function this is a macrophage cell line and you can see in this macrophage cell line when it is looking at tumor seidel activities phagocytosis or any macrophage effector function it's significantly going down it's going down as temperature goes up the cells are basically stressed so it's good to keep in mind with the heat stress and the effects on things like metabolism you've also got the immunity that are going to be in question so with specific amino acids I'll mention intestinal flow I'll mention CP Metheny lysine arginine tryptophan and glutamine are the ones that I've listed in this presentation that I'll go through briefly flow of amino acids in the intestinal tract this is a nice paper this is Putra which is not very far away in Malaysia where they have done some nice work looking at mutant properties and amino acid patterns endogenous and what I'd like to do is take this and I've expanded on it since ferry called me out this morning to talk about threonine I'll expand a little bit on it but I wanted to cover this because with these key amino acids in mucin the intestinal layer you were almost about to go into intestinal epithelial a little bit longer I think we haven't touched on it enough but there's a tremendous impact from the load from stress hot temperature stress immunologic stress there's things happening in the intestine which you have sloughing and it's a hot very high demand the amino acids that are in question in addition these amino acids are gonna be used or part of the first pass okay if there have a higher rate of turnover the intestinal epithelial cells will have the first right of refusal for those amino acids that means the body is not even going to get it because they're gonna need it even if they're sloughing in these conditions if you look at what doctor abandon presented from Wallace and Bao nave that put that slide that he showed if you noted the amino acid digestibility differences from that study that was done in Sydney they're the exact same amino acids that are most important for intestinal epithelial very interesting and I hadn't put that correlation together Robbie until you presented that slide threonine it's going to be the key when you look at the threonine requirement it is so high for maintenance look at lysine for example it's zero you can't measure it threonine is off the chart one of the reasons is off the chart is this so high in mucin as a relative percent of other amino acids in addition if you look at glycine in Sirian two of the amino acid pathways through the deamination of threonine are going to be converted to glycine and serine both 3 and and aldolase and threonine dehydrogenase okay so you've got tremendous impact for one amino acid in the gut that's going to be affected so a few studies this is a classic study this is by waldrop so basically what dr. Walter did is he looked at amino acid formulation techniques in four studies in the university of arkansas and one of them he did in the summer and it got really hot and I said why did you do that he said well I didn't mean to do it but I got hot and I published it anyway his hot temperature and that's how a lot of it got published but it's kind of unique because what happened is he had different formulation patterns so on one which is the treatment number it's not numbered here but it's the second treatment which is low essential amino acid levels which is basically using least-cost formulation to balance for those amino acids rather than sitting a protein minimum remember this is in the 1970s he did this so protein minimums were really big back then he saw the best effect here in a lower protein okay so making the case and this paper has been cited everywhere this is the paper that is out there to show you let's feed less amino acids and hot temperatures excuse me that's why because of this paper if we look at recent research in Guelph say recent 2005 it's quite a bit newer than the the walther beta they used two different types of heat stress so first here you have temperature which is in the twenty then mid temperature and then you have a temperature over 31 and then you have protein levels that range in 18 up to 26 very high protein level I don't go through a lot of the diet I just want to show you here if you look at the 26% protein level in each particular for each particular temperature phase it was significantly better okay interactions almost occurred but it's point oh six right here they make the point that we got to do more research and I would agree looking at this because this is a protein level that is much higher than something that we would look at that we would test so we would evaluate but even in the hottest temperature it showed an improvement which goes against some of the conventional wisdom but at the same time it's very interesting to think about here's a publication it specifically looks at methionine so I draw your attention back to dr. clays where he showed a very low response to Matheny with immunologic stress they did two trials and I'll show you the four to 21-day data they presented the responses to Matheny ingestible basis I took it and correlated it back to July Singh and did some calculations from what they presented I did that so you could see this is awfully hello so this is much lower than you would anticipate which shows a response and hot temperature that may be uncertain to me a certain situation the the bird might need less less Metheny and i see i've got a typo right here let me show you real quick oh no it's okay it's total sulfur amino acids to lysine I thought I left lysine here from a previous slide so that's the ratio and it's very low take a look at some other work that was done this one up here Andre and some others in the audience will be very familiar with at the Catholic University in Lou Evan looking at methionine source under heat stress clear responses here with regard to HM TBA having a better effect on the growth performance not only in thermal neutral which are the two was two right here at the top or it takes a long time for this mouse to wake up so here it is right here but when you go down in this heat stress effect you see the HM TVA having a much significant or so that so the HM TBA the response on growth performance was significant in both effects and what I found was most interesting was the looking at different responses so I pulled out the insulin growth factor one a hormone very important for improving growth rate and there's no significant difference under thermal neutral which are the first two I think I feel like it makes noise when I get closer I don't know what to do I want to touch it but I want to get away but if you look right here at the blue slide with blue graph you see the DL methionine versus HM TV a very significant improvement okay based on the igf-1 you're coming up to help me be edgy he got quiet so a few more Hahn and Baker dr. Ferry he he spoiled it he showed this whole thing and summarized it you didn't spoil it you just set me up thank you so a honden banker this is pretty classic work also they have four experiments in this publication but one of them was looking for responses under hot temperature the vs. Matheny and the second is lysine so sorry sorry they're both with lysine the first was male the second was female is everybody confused this is a male and female experiment only with light only with lysine so the responses in the male are pretty classic nice growth responses but no significant difference based on the hot temperature for the requirements however when we look at the female if you can see the maybe I'll just use a conventional pointer those over there have to look this way if you look at this line right here okay versus this linear Plateau here it's breaking here versus this one keeps going up this is what dr. ferry mentioned this is a experiment whereby we have a higher amino acid requirement in heat stress for amino acid this is lysine just for the female I can tell you right now I'm not doing heat stress studies but I'm doing a lot of research at Arkansas with females and I can't figure them out well I shouldn't say it that way I've never been able to figure out the yes that really came out wrong I wish this wasn't getting recorded but with regard to the amino acid Nutrition much more whole body fat versus whole body protein so things are dynamic with the females and in terms of the responses so still have a little bit to learn so I can't talk on our heat stress without arginine or lysine this is work that I was involved both with John break and Derrick bow Avon and in this particular publication they put three of the experiments together so in the first one you've got the the thermal neutral compared to the heat stress with two arginine lysine ratios body weight gain if you see there was the response in the thermal neutral with arginine there wasn't in terms of V conversion but what is noted here is a significant improvement in the peak immersion with higher levels of arginine in the heat stress environment and also in another experiment the same effect was repeated here in the third experiment which is much more comprehensive and it focuses on the finisher period there's thermal neutral versus heat stress here and there's more arginine lysine ratios so nine four one Oh a one to five one thirty nine if we go to the heat stress you can see the effect here versus say point nine four so all of these higher levels of arginine resulted in an approve Minh what's the effect of arginine it's been studied in a number of different systems I drew out the very simple conversion through the oxidation and going to citrulline and nitric oxide but this potent vasodilator is extremely important in relaxing smooth muscles as well as blood vessels so we have improvements in a lot of physiological functions with arginine especially in in in terms of a heat stress for example so I'm finishing up with one amino acid glutamine and I've got a couple of talks to go through the mink and stand it up come on up Ming and I'm on time don't stand up and yell at me I'm doing okay we know each other too well with glutamine and and glutamic acid in this particular case in the heat stress a lot of humidity with this there was significant improvements and gut morphology and that's the point that I wanted to to note right here they got morphology as well as amylase and it's not my area but I wanted to talk just about this particular project with the meat this is specifically looking at two different temperatures and glutamine and showing that the improvements through this amino acid in terms of the antics and the capabilities are affecting the meat particularly maybe glutathione peroxidase and a number of different things that are occurring to improve overall overall meat quality so I covered so much when I thought about how to summarize this I said let's just figure it out in the workout group so we'll make maybe de-stress there and come up with lots of different things to to solve the world's problems so mingun that's that's all I had so just start at the top would that amino acid linked with the gut maintenance 3 England be similar important in growing birds in layers and breeders absolutely absolutely there's no difference there absolutely the only difference I can think of in threonine glycine serine is with the broiler breeders is the feed intake okay so a layer a table egg bird would be on the down side for intestinal potential morphology because she eats at ad libitum you know 100 grams a day versus a broiler breeder which might be at a skip a day if you've got to skip it a bird that is stressful okay that intestine is a tube just like this so it goes a whole day and it doesn't eat and then it eats as fast as a can it puts everything right back through that tube that is causing stress and that bird so I can envision is amino acids could have higher needs in that environment maybe for professor cha I think this is yours that's what I got I'm passing it okay I'll read it how do you explain the nice effect of high-protein diets versus the eater committed protein I have no idea only thing that I could think of was the temperature environments that were created did not break I like fairies lying where he showed the what you call it I mean it was oh you had that you had the graph and then there was a point of no return when the birds spike to the spike maybe I'm gonna quote that maybe the spike didn't occur in some of those projects that were done with with higher levels of protein so thereby the heat increment was not that big a deal and since feed intake was low more amino acids helped that's as good as anybody who could give that question answer that question I think it's really difficult that particular trial if me okay high protein diet give you a really good effect under heat stress conditions but if you look at from the theory of energy metabolism so a simulation of protein is very expensive into the energy expenditure so compared with fat or even starch so the more protein remaining in a gut for assimilation the more heat increment that will bring bring about so that's the theory but you know trials will tell you something right at the end the birds will never lie to us and it also requires many many experiments to come to the right condition the right conclusion you know so that's why you know one trial and a lot of people use to joke about it if you have a really good trial don't repeat it because it'll tell you another story okay reducing crude protein under hot conditions maybe I think we need to be looking at balance I think we need to look at balance and I think the amino acid pattern is probably going to change which is going to change balance and I think we need to be per therm which is Ray showing the amino acids based on caloric density of the diet potentially fat density versus other energy densities but I think we've got to look at balance in that situation do you know that in the US or the nutritionist changing diet or amino acid profiles hot beards now I mean for example I'm glad that fairy showed the slide of the growth in Asia for example because that's really sets the precedence of what we're up against so when you think of the US you think of growing chickens when is it hard to grow chickens in the United States when when is it terribly hard right now yeah we've got nights that are zero degrees in days that are 25 degrees our houses are closed so that's a psychometric nightmare in terms of growing chickens the winter time is when it's hard in the u.s. summer time is easy you turn the fans on 24/7 you expect to lose two points a feed conversion it's no big deal I mean you used to set up your markets I mean the way it is so nobody's really changing in the u.s. we use class a ventilation houses to adjust for things and we feed them very similar I think you have a potential to do things in hot environments that can help though in terms of changing and I think what you need to do is you need to conduct research and models that mimic what integrators or poultry companies are experiencing don't just do a study and say this is going to be stressed as as thermal neutral do it whereby you know you've got a region in the world that has stress and figure out what that stress is and figure out how many points of weight you're going to reduce and then do the trials and you're comparing apples to apples in terms of collecting data that's meaningful if you really want to move your amino acids thank you very much professor gates done this fantastic job producing one-hour talk to 20 minutes [Applause] [Music]