[Music] thank you for the introduction good afternoon everyone so same speaker shoots again I was already on the floor yesterday sorry in this presentation I will only focus off about environmental sustainability you already have quite a nice glance about other aspects of sustainability so economy and social pillar so I will only focus on environment here so first question what are we talking about when we talk about environmental sustainability we just so we just talk about nitrogen emissions climate change but actually there are plenty of environmental impacts that we can consider so here are some of the most famous environmental impacts associated to poultry production but in a more general way to livestock productions so first of all climate change probably the most important or at least the one we are focusing you know every day job or life so at least we try to so climate change which is caused by greenhouse gas emissions such as carbon dioxide methane nitrous oxide and plenty of other compounds second environment impacts which is quite important is acidification so basically acid rains and solar c-diff occation which is caused by the emissions of different acid compounds such as ammonia mostly from manure also sulfur dioxide for instance then we have also eutrophication I don't know if you can see on the picture but this is uh these are green energy on on a beach so it's the production and the growth the with without control of algae in aquatic environments so this is caused also by ammonia and all mostly because of nitrates and phosphates that are in in the water so in relation with manure production when we are talking about livestock then another huge challenge is the use of resource and especially the non-renewable ones such as fossil fuels so oil natural gas also iron copper uranium if you are talking about nuclear production calcium carbonates phosphate that we use in the fields also are non-renewable sources so we have to consider that another one which is very important also is the the use of land how much land do we need to produce one ton of feed one ton of chicken so this is quite a concern what kind of land are we using is its land that we can use to grow crops is it other lands where almost nothing grows except for grass for instance so there is also other environmental impacts such as biodiversity loss for instance and I can can keep going like that so I will stop here when we look at those environmental impacts I will mostly focus on those one in this presentation and we have in we have a we take a global view about livestock production and poultry production we can see that actually feed production and emissions from manure are the first two contributors to those environment and PACS so from a life cycle cycle perspective I will talk a lot about life cycle approach in the next slide so when we look at that you can see here so it's average results from different studies in the literature for broiler prediction and for egg production you have the contribution of feed production in orange in green it's the emissions from manual and gray it's the other things contributing to the global environmental impact for the production of one kilogram of body weight so for chicken and all the one kilogram of egg and you can see that the orange bars are quite high especially for climate change and energy use and for they're a little bit smaller for you to occasionally for acidification and then on the other hand you can see that when the emissions from manure are contributing a lot to eutrophication and especially to acidification so that means that if we managed to control the environmental impacts associated to feed production and also to control the emissions from my menu we can manage to decrease the environmental impacts of the production of meat or egg and the question is how can nutrition help us to do so so after this short introduction I will show you some slide over four parts different parts in this presentation the first one is how can we reduce nutrient expression from our animals and the associated emissions from manure so this is the classical let's say animal nutrition stuff the second part is about life cycle approach so having a broader broader view so how can we assess the environmental impact of Putra prediction the third one is about how can we consider the feed production impacts when we are formulating feeds for our animals and the last one is having the big picture what are the consequence of a given feeding strategy on the final environment product impacts so first part about reducing the nutrient expression and my new emission with nutrition I will mostly focus on nitrogen the the next topic will be more on phosphorus I only have one slide on phosphorus first one strategy could be lowering the protein contents of our diets of course it's quite obvious you feed less brought into the animal if you manage to keep the performance then you have less nitrogen excreted but this is quite challenging because you need to keep the same performance actually so you have to balance the protein and the quality of your protein in the diet so using crystalline amino acids it's a it's a good option so here are some results from a nice paper of Benoit and collaborators and so they managed to they try to decrease the finishing protein content from 19 to 15% using the same amino acid ratio and you can see that they put more and more amino acids in the in the diet to balance this profile to keep this the same profile and when we look at the results they manage to have the same growth performance in all the treatments and they managed to have the same feed conversion ratio until 17% in the crude protein in the diet after that the feed conversion ratio was increasing so kind of threshold but when you look at the expression of nitrogen you can see that you are the less you have protein diets of course the last nitrogen you the animal excreted and so basically the ideas when you decrease by one point the CP contents you decrease by ten percent the expression of nitrogen but this approach also has some interest is quite interesting when you look also at what becomes of the nitrogen once the nitrogen is in the litter it can stay in the litter or it can go into the atmosphere and we don't want it to go into the atmosphere at least under ammonia form because then you can have environmental impacts so one idea is to keep the litter as dry as possible when you do so then you can limit the volatilization of of nitrogen and those are results I presented yesterday so sorry recycle is a good sustainable tool a sustainability tool so in this trial we we decrease the the protein and also we removed in the last treatment we suppress totally the soybean meal in the diets and you can see that we increased significantly the dry metal content and with the we increase dramatic intent and we decrease the volatilization rate of nitrogen okay and so I just plotted the dry matter versus nitrogen volatilization rate you can see that we have a nice relation between the two criteria so the drier the better for them for manure emissions if you manage to keep a little dry then you can limit the emissions of ammonia concerning phosphorus one interesting way to limit the supply of phosphorus and then to spare some non-renewable phosphorus is to stimulate the adaptation at the adaptation potential of the birds to improve their use in in phosphorus so in this paper they the others try to different fitting strategies using phosphorous and and calcium and they decreased phosphorus and calcium in the in the low-low in growing and finishing broilers diets low low level of calcium and low level of phosphorus and you can see that in these results that they managed to have the same performance but and also the same bone mineralization which is quite nice from an animal welfare point of view as well and at the end they decrease the expression of phosphorus and the litter phosphorus content and they explain that by the fact that animal were able to adapt to those low phosphorus diets and then so that phosphorus digestibility was improved quite a lot actually you can see the difference between the first treatment and the third treatment you have for 15 points of improvement of phosphorus digestibility so that's quite huge another option could be precision feeding of course when we are talking about precision feeding in poultry it's still kind of blur dream or something but here we did some simulation with results the idea was to compare a classical three-phase feeding strategy to a precision feeding where the idea is to mix two different pellets in different proportion each day so that we can better follow the requirements of the birds and when we did some calculations it seems that we can reduce feed cost and also nitrogen and phosphorus excretion but this has to be validated with real animals not computer ones and also there are many challenges to to have this new feeding strategies in form because you need some equipment to weigh the animals you need to process the data every day to recreate a new diet every day etc so this is still a concept let's say okay second part so life cycle assessments I'm totally changing the scale I was at the animal scale and manures can then a bigger scale lifecycle assessment is normalized method you have eyes or reference and it's a multi criterion approach meaning that we are considering several impacts together and there are four steps that I will present you really quickly to perform a lifecycle assessment okay first one is what do we want to assess so the idea is to assess all the production steps toward the production of the product that we are studying so for instance if we consider one ton of corn or for one ton of soybean meal we will consider the projection of inputs to produce those crops and then we will consider the projection and the transport of those crops so first care then we can consider the environmental impacts for to produce one ton of feed for instance then so we will consider another step which is what happened in the feed factory okay and next one is what happened what is the impacts for one ton of chicken for instance and then we have a broad scale and for each scale we have a different functional unit you will express the impacts by tongue or kilogram of feed ingredients by kilogram of feed or by kilogram of chicken or egg for instance okay second one is for your cycle for the production cycle you consider all the resources that you are consuming to produce and all the emission that you are emitted that the process is emitted into the environment so methane ammonia carbon dioxide nitrate phosphate etc third one is how to transform those resources and compounds emissions into impacts so the idea is to aggregate so for energy is quite quite easy you have coal you have natural gas all you know that you know that for for instance for fuel it's a given amount of energy per kilo for natural gas it's a given energy amount per kilo etc so you can aggregate everything for land use is one actor is one actor and for other impacts such as for instance climate change you use the global warming potential of each gas so one kilogram of co2 is one methane is 25 times more contributing to climate change so etc okay and last step is the interpretation so for instance when you perform a life cycle you can compare different scenarios so for instance here we compare standard production to free-range production for different environmental impact and you can also see what are the steps in the production that contributes the more to these impacts then third part how can we take into account those environmental impacts when we are feed formulating so here is the idea I will go quickly like on this slide so the idea is that each feed ingredients has its own impact to produce one kilogram of soybean meal one kilogram of wheat one kilogram of amino acid one kilogram of phytase etc so each you can characterize each feed stuff with climate change impact acidification impact energy use impact etc and you have variability amongst the feed stuff so for instance you considered the same feed stuff but coming from different region of the world for example sorghum in a French feed factory you can see that the impact so they are expressed as a percentage of the highest so here its sorghum going from the US to France you can see that the French one is less have less impact because it traveled it travels less you have differences between cropping practice for the same feed stuff so if you fertilize with chemical fertilizers or organic fertilizers you have differences for instance and of course you also can have interaction for one feed stuff you can have a higher climate change impact for instance and a lower one for energy use so this means that we have to consider everything together you can on not only focus on climate change for instance and how can we do that in feed formulation well the idea is to have it's quite easy on the paper to have new columns in your matrix formulation matrix you have the price of your feed stuff you have the nutritional characteristics of your feed stuff but you can also have climate change impacts acidification impact energy use impact etc so you have new criterias to describe each of your fit stuff and the edges can be okay now I won't try to minimize the price of my feed but I will try to minimize the climate change impact for instance of my feet I can do that it's the same method actually it's least a climate change formulation not least cost but it's the same you can use the same method actually in our programming but if you do so you can have side effects here in this example you can see that they try to decrease climate change minimize climate change of one tonne of diets of a feed brother feed in in the US and in the in UK and you can see that yeah you managed to decrease climate change but you increase a lot of the price of your feet and you sometimes increase other impacts so that means that's not a good option so this is possible but this is another approach of feed formulation so we developed a new approach so first thing you do is the least cost formulation it's what feed producer do every day in their job so you minimize the price of your diet so you have a kind of reference diet with a price and you can also calculate the environmental impact of this diet and then the second one is okay I promise it's the only equation of the presentation this is what we call a military object formulation we are going to minimize this stuff so you have to basically the idea is that you have two components we took we take into account both the price and environment on impact in the same optimization and you can see here you have a coefficient alpha and alpha is between 0 and 1 and then we can put more weight in the environment or more weight in the price if you put all the weight in the price so the Alpha is equal to 0 then you have a list code for classical list cost formulation if you put alpha to 1 then you only formulate on environmental criterias and we have here four criterias that are considered similar simultaneously in the formulation and we can either identify one alpha limit alpha which is the the one basically when it's not very effective to put a little bit more money in the diet to decrease for almost nothing the environment on impact so that's basically the good compromise between price and environment okay so here you can see so those are some simulation you can see that when you increase a little bit the price of the diet then you can greatly decrease the environmental impact but the more you want to decrease the environmental impact of your diet the more you have to get to pay so at what point you have to to find a good balance and here it's for the limit alpha you can see that if you increase the price for by 3 percent of an ivory broiler diet you can manage to decrease climate change by 12 percent energy used by 18 percent and on the other unfortunately we cannot it's another weather win-win situation for all impacts you increase the land use by 4 percent so we need 4 more percents of land to produce this diet okay so that was the option at feed formulation scale and so the next slide and the last slides will be about getting the big picture so what are the consequences of different feeding strategies so it's a few examples what can be the consequences from an environmental point of view in poultry production first one paper by dutch dutch team they wanted to see what are the effects of the replacing imported feed stuff in dutch feed for organic linings by local one dutch ones so they studied plenty of scenarios i just extracted four of them so they replaced italian corn by dutch one Ukrainian wheat by dutch one brazilian soybean meal by Dutch rapeseed meal and once in are you would they combine different feed stuff together and you can see that they have quite nice results actually they managed to decrease several environmental impacts so sometimes local coming more sustainable second one is I was talking about decreasing protein content in the diet so a few years ago we we perform a life cycle analysis on those low protein diet and you have here the three scenarios so in finishing warriors nineteen percent of crude protein seventeen percent or 15 percent in the in the diet of finishing Reuters you can see that the feed conversion ratio was increased in the 15 according to the experimental results I'll show you earlier and when we look at the finishing diet you can see that we can manage to decrease the environment to decrease some of the environmental impacts because we removed some of this imported soybean meal from South America but on the other hand we can also increase some of the impacts such as acidity Acey okay and when we look at the kilogram of chicken we still decrease of course because feed is one of the most important step in the global impacts of chicken production and you can see that for acidification where whereas we were increasing here when we were decreasing the protein here we decrease it's because we decrease the emissions of manure we decrease the protein in the common in the diet so we decreased nitrogen expression and ammonia emissions and manure is contributing a lot to acidification so even though the the impacts of feed were higher we managed to decrease the final impacts of the products okay last slide before conclusion I was talking about the multi objective formulation so we I show you some results at the feed level but we did the same we use this method to formulate a feed the least cost formulation and then which we put that in a big LCA lifecycle analysis to see what are the impacts of one kilogram of chicken and you can see that in blue it's per tonne of feed orange per ton of body weight produced and you can see that since we are decreasing quite a lot the impacts puts on a feed we managed to decrease the the final impacts of our product our chicken so this option this way of formulating is quite interesting actually because it with that we can greatly decrease the emissions and the impacts of our chicken for instance we can do also the same way with eggs okay a few minutes to conclude first thing is I was firstly talking about animal nutrition and how we can better adapt and balance the supply versus the requirements of the animal to keep the performance etc I think it's a neverending story genetic progress is going on so this means that every time you have new chicken with the improvement in genetics then probably you have to update those requirements and hopefully we have some tools to improve and precise the way we bring nutrients to the animals so we have new feed ingredients new protein sources for instance we have feed additives we also have new technologies to better characterize our feeds and our feed stuffs and maybe in the future we will better characterize the interaction between the the components in those feed stuffs and I think in the future and maybe 10 years precision feeding would be a great tool for us second the other way the other thing I wanted to say is that probably we have to change the formulation paradigm I mean today when we are formulating we put some constraints nutritional we want the diet to be this level of protein in this level of energy etc we formulate we use the computer to formulate we have feed characteristics probably in the future we will have to reverse the approach how I will have an objective of environmental impacts for instance for I don't want my chicken to be produce with more than a certain amount of greenhouse gas sorry then how can I do what is the best feeding strategy and this will be the output of this model and so it's a new approach of formulation and those models will rely on modeling the response of the animals taking into account environmental indicators economic on once maybe welfare as well I don't know so this is another way of doing feed of producing field and formulating feed and the last one probably the most important I was reading that in the plane to come to the gdansk it's the CEO of SAS the airline company and sustainability is not a journey is a journey sorry sorry not a destination and it's why that requires innovation all the way meaning and that that was said in the previous by the previous speaker as well this is an ongoing process we are always assessing are we sustainable can we do better and this is an ongoing we can always do better and of course we don't have to forget social and economic period because sustainability is the three pillar all together thank you very much [Applause] [Music]