[Music] and this is the variation they observed on the protein and oil content you can see that across this remote hundred three hundred cultivars you got variation about eight post percentage point in protein and most seven percentage point percentage point in in all and this is for all all plant species another example is a good example some people are pioneered is try to track the function of wheat no not we mace cultivars from the 1920s to the to the 2000 and this what is found is that when they see look at the starch and the protein content what is found it that there was the selection work to not work to look very hard to get better yields but the side effect was that the increase is torsional tent but side effects at industries the parentage of protein content and there is a little bit something weird in this paper because the value on the right about the protein content it is it's very very high so if there is in this paper they introduced a social segregation probably but the metal proteins limited of protein and the including the paper so this is an example of variation code by generating send you have a little bit of variation caused by by analysis environment so we thought is already very variable plants and seeds and for age and environment conditions are very of course very important everything everything everything is going to to influence the proteins the fibers are the mirror content anti nutritional values and everything is not influenced discontents so the weather temperature the soil moisture so much of errors moisture for engines for instance there was a short paper recently about in hawaii where they found that different the concentration of brain protein was in heavily influenced by by by stone moisture so there was two to three points two to three points depending on the Sun butcher on some other motivation conditions of course from the field preparation sewing the sewing profession density irrigation drainage weed and pest control fertilization a to harvest mode of arrest and of course storage the lands of rage humidity during storage and so on so everything everything is going to be important the end result is that if you take for instance the start versus protein variability of the main sales so oats barley wheat maize I could have had rice and rye and critical and so on same issue so we can that there is a pretty high variation in starch about some more than 10 percent 10 15 percent and also quite nice variation in protein for instance about 8 up to 8 percent for each each each type of grain something which is quite no effect for instance of nitrogen fertilization and on wheat on the content of wheat protein so you can see that it grows so it is directly linked to a natural fertilization but it is also linked to to the moisture regime of the climate just what what is going to happen this time exchange she's really very recent people that try to examine mine what would happen with climate change and what the repetition would expect so the idea was that the global potential benefits in terms of with in terms of yield and included protein yield but there are negative impacts from the rising temperature in an rainfall particularly in in a low low in low rainfall regions so even with when people to try you pipes that would be better at handing had hand things the right and there may be some negative effects on crude protein and this is another another issue that we that we may expect another cause of a variation another example of the effect of deviation processes and about Asafa protein so I dry I made a graph about the harvest date the curtain defeat our complexities so the first skin cut circuit for skirt and every good idea turn of inference about on crude protein and the people who produce these alfalfa are from the Eastern Eastern tunnel friends and there are also people were also in Champaign and talked about jumping I was a jumping ass about different vintage spectrum they do the same for and salsa they take all these different substances and try to make very categorized versions of alpha with 17 percent protein 18% protein 19 percent routine using and the both of our ability you need link that they got these very huge variability on the protein content to Tribeca and everything and they try to make a product which is which which has which has more precise size composition and I talked about protein but you see the same for keratin for instance so the effect of harvest date and good can be seen on alone on every every component of the of the plant processes very important you take the raw grain and then there are two kind of things you can do is it first you can try to apply processes that we improve nutritional value or you can use the grain to produce food and it's processor will yeah we'll get a core product typically the processor try to improve internal children 20 are going lie are going to spec to target specify precise specification so you can have a product of limited variability and with better value and these processes are like a heating flaking and so on or the healing of grinding and you'll get product which which with a better a better less variability with certain treatments and typically a lesser amount of general factors but still there are lots of unknowns about the processes these processes may vary depending on the time so the people who make these products make change processes and the next you will end up with a different product with different specifications so variation may be a little bit lower but it's exist and the process that byproducts what we need to remember is that the composition of the byproducts of the core product is primarily primarily driven by the manufacturer of the main product so what people target is yield of oil yield of start of sugar or fruit juice and the COO products more often than not is well it's a secondary product so the target is on the oil target is on to it on the sugar but not on the COO products of course the manufacturers may try to make using by improving the quality of the byproducts mean we try to make it better but more many often we have lots of factor of variation and much less a control on the variability of the funnel and on the final composition of the byproduct we also have a huge diversity of names which is a real problem and other result the byproducts the complex are very very very viable so a few examples here for instance if we take the process to make a main alcohol you see that there are lots of steps involved in the process and each steps each variation of the step is going to result in a variation of the byproduct so for instance if we at the end with a mixture of the solid balls and as a wet drains and the proportion of storyboards and wet drains is going to result in the different products and of course I'm some dried from dried distillers grains are made of different species they may be of maize of wheat order all mixtures of maize and wheat and sorghum and so on so the result is that what core DDGS is an entire family of products so if I take mace for instance and there will be some very very important talk substernal about sales but this is maize and all the byproducts and you can see that there is a huge diversity of products coming from from the single grain and every single byproducts each cell variable if I take only the mutant feed on the right protein versus fat you see the gluten meal in 60% protein but in fact it's something between 50 and 70 and on the other side of the graph we've got the main germs the crude germs not extracted we got food fat content from 30 to 50 so got very very large variation between each category of byproducts same thing for wheat this is a graph that shows not only the rate at the red dots on the right of the wheat grain and you see that we're doing is variable but it's much variable than the all than the other byproducts so it's a big yellow banana it's all products well not I mean the main the middling is the shorts and then you've got the brand and the feed flower and this is driven by the expression of charge but what we call middlings so there's a big banana in the middle it's huge if their variation is about 20 and 60 percent per thing and we can cut it in different categories but it's still difficult and it's a continuity so no product when you can say well this is brand this is middlings I don't sort of manufacturers and they take off output of the meal and mix and mix output to create more or less specific products so it's a so what we call brand what we committing what it will read from one manufacturer to another the you know those are the meaning by projects and the green dots are the starch the start by product and blue dots as in history by traders so if you can look at the green the green dogs to wheat gluten feed which is byproduct of the starch industry and see that it's a series of products and I'm in fact in this case he's to manufacturers to manufacturers that produce the both produced starch which touch but they have different processes and the different processes result in different products one is about 30 per charge and the other is a 20 percent starch and with also difference in a significant significant trends in protein content if I look at these terrors with distance she's a little bit different but we have the two different processes one where the grain is escaped who at the beginning of the process and one where the grain is milled and the bran is reintroduced at the end of the process at the end of the process and these two processes give different products one is one which is much much higher in in starch and 1 where starch is much well it's much better extracted so there is a little less starch a less at 7 percent starch and higher content in in protein the product which is which would be easy which is the sunflower me so from lumene is the byproducts of the oil extraction and the the crude and protein content of the San Fermin is primarily driven by by the D hulling but even that even there you can see that this is a graph but could putting the food fiber versus protein you can see that there is a continuity between the hulling and not the healing but so got the picture of the role who hurled her soybean meal and the D and the D although partially the herd soybean meal of course the holding is also variable process so got you got seven meals that are entirely the wholesome that are only partially hurled there is genetic variation that takes hurts more or less able to be removed as soon as the end good not exactly two categories but the continuum of continuum between the totally the whole soybean meal and not at all the holes have been meal and with quite large so and the protein is protein contain is quite large because even in the for the for the non the hurled got protein between about twenty to thirty and for the dhole no Portia's the whole soybean meal it's between something so between thirty or forty even more 44 they're very specific types of soybean meal and this is an extreme example which is a rice bran so rice bran comes from many many different ways of transforming rice into things to starch into oil into into edible right and so on and or destroy all these manufacturing processes put product that often named by different that are known by different names but more than often they are called rice bran and you can see rice bran when you look at the bank analysis proteins in this case it is a crude fiber and it could cause a brain could set so the rice bran can be a very very good energy containing energy seed because could talk to come to contain a high amount of fat and a very low amount of contriver but if it's brand contains a lot of health because the the manufacturer put back all the herds into the rice bran so you end up with a product which is a 30-person food fiber I like what I've made a similar graph with a protein with a protein and with a starch and everything is the thought in three or four dimension as a rice bran is actually it's not a galaxy of products and sometimes the variation are more complicated to understand and this particular case is soybean meal and the grass is about protein and lies in and on the red dots are the regular soybean meal and we have been quite nice a relation between lies in and protein and the red dots are organic soybean meal and what we found was that the organic soybean meal as a lesser and significantly lesser ratio of relying on crude protein than the regular ones and we don't have a very good explanation for that possibly genetics possibly it's processes because the process to make organic so we mean it doesn't it's not going to use exam for extra for oil extraction for instance it could be different types of handling and Linga seeds and but there are the net results of all the source of the variation is that we have a very important difference between organic soybean meal and conventional soybean meal so we have all these sorts of aeration are combined to get the product with a lower lower value about sizing last aspect of sauce but I won't go into this because it's it's a very you - it's a huge continuum of variation but it is not something that within the seed is something that if aeration variability that is added after this once the field exists she's analysis analysis of course when you measure or something is there is sort of a patient or different methods the method may be more as repeatable and reproducible predictable I just illustrated by the difference between a protein starch content measured by piranha tree and by enzymatic method we know that the perimeter is much more forgiving and gives more higher stars content typically between two or three per more percentage point and enzymatic method but it is true for many many analysis so of course this variation may or may not be it can be controlled but it's it's something which is not within within much or another separate variation is a dry matter depending of the dry matter you might have different values of fee but try matter and we've seen people we've seen value and we've seen data were what seemed to be variable was just as a variation of the dry matter so we should remember that all what I show about the mainly shows the chemical composition and everything has an effect on the tree value so when we have a variation on a crude fiber it would have a direct effect on the just ability and this graph is about the general effect of if it's NDF here on earth debris of energy and it's a different species and every species works it'll be different but anytime you have a bunch of energy of more is going to have an effect on stability some likewise the fat content fat is bringing energy so for instance if we have an expiration meal and accelerating mirrors the fat oil content is going to range between 5% and 20% very good variation and it has a direct effect on the growth energy and these are calculated values not measured values but measured values which are the same so the blue dots are the gross energy and the yellow doors of metabolism energy so when we talk about expert an expert I mean expert rapeseed meal or we should take in effect the precise the fat because it's going to have very direct effect on on a notional value last example about the heating process rating process is going to depending on the species being is going to have direct effect on protein the glabella to unity and also for this particular case and channel and t nutritional factors so this graphic about the trip selectivity in soybeans left bar is a treated soybeans so the ones and even for the treated soybean you see that there is very very important variability in what's left on transition and connectors in indesign so not the conclusion but the feet are in certainty which is mainly because these are already for variable biological materials seen so often descriptors sometimes well a seer or easily rolled grain is a grain but when when we're talking about brands when I'm talking about products the name of the co products may not be as precise as we want and when we got the seed the feelings into storage we offer information about the seed who has the name but sometimes we don't have we don't know where it comes from we don't have the country and we don't have the processes and under the genetics and so on so it's a lot of information missing analysis is also one of the dark problem because trees of variability in variation so this is the topic of the day also - these two days - I'm not going to go in today but obviously we we need to learn about the feet we need to know that rice brown in the just rice bran that it's family of products we collect information about each bag each batch we're instrument when what is the product exactly we need to do real-time analysis including from chemical or NIR we need to be able to predict the equation based on the chemical composition and in vitro or in vitro material measurement and other speakers will talk later about other ways to control variability about buffering durability using enzymes or about dealing with variability using formulation I was a technician but will be designed it will be making software online software able to which is called filadyne Amex and the source will be able for instance to you your composition of part of your batch and torrid neutral value for Peaks pottery and other stations this will be available in a few months so diversity choice a show for the rice brown rice bran is very variable but actually many of these Cooper family and so the choice is actually larger than it seems and wrote about there is no bad products the bad news but it's possible within issues each family to identify so I took the graph and I put circles around each sub products and Easter products once it's correctly identified is usable it's not so variable excusable for a particular in specific in specific species so once it is processed what is categorized can use this product we should be reminded to be put and shall feed from plants we often talked about our annuitant number product even today we talk about soybean but cereals but there are many many plants and many fields are underused and undervalued around the planet we've been working on PDP do philippa world war encyclopedias annual fees and it lives in row 0 and if i want with concerning this adhesive and Philip idea we were trying to to try to write data sheets about each possible it's possible feed and what we found by when we made this the database the database behind CD pager if you take all the samples we collected around in many many years we get more as a plant species and such a plant species this is bark of what we got in our samples I'm not saying it's representative of of the world but most the feed comes from a limited number of species and in philippi dia we got one percent of samples that come from 400 species and I'm sure and I'm just talking about Phil material but room and not to give authorities because foragers in 2000 species so it's totally different universe but even for finding materials a conservation zone there are at least 400 species that exists and that can be can be used to feed animals so it is possible so to leverage this diversity by looking at local local species and grains of legumes local byproducts of course so let's know that maize or the meal so we need nancy's and information the casual meal which is a very nice product with more than protein and it's it's interesting it's a nice product but it's not very well known so well you can find in duration and ages will do days will be bodies we have to face it with the exist it's very large but it's it's a problem but we see that there are it can become an asset once it's known and studied and estimated and so ok thank you [Applause]