[Music] good morning good afternoon good evening ladies and gentlemen I'm pleased to welcome all of you for our six live webinar today I should say welcome to your TV program you are fictional dot online as often as possible we we give you the opportunity to address different concerns from the practical issues to the scientific explanation with experts from all over the world from the science as well as from the industry each webinar starts with an introduction of the programmatic or the worldwide context and the practical issues and then well-known scientists address the fundamental basis of the problematics and roundtables lose all of you to ask openly questions to our invitees since our previous webinars we are posting lots of events on fictional platform even from the beginning of the year 2018 we have posted different seminars see as yeah Pacific poetry conference many reviews the we organized a live webinar on bit quality with Professor Massimiliano Petra chief justice's very poor Lopez from the industry and we have also posted a lot of events like the first advance Academy last year in Bangkok and as well as the oxidative stress session in Orlando organized during the PSA or conference we have also a lot of reviews in the intestinal health scientific interest group organizing Bangkok last October so you will see a lot of documents events videos on the fictional platform and also a lot of debates and roundtables to allow scientists in fact to exchange on different topics [Music] it is a six fictional live webinar today and we are focusing on how to maintain equality for long legging cycles and I just take the position here to remind you too that you can post questions on the site at any time during the presentation so don't forget you can post your questions on fictional platform and they will be addressed later on by our experts and if we are no time to answer to all questions in fact the response will be on the platform with the occurrence of avian influenza strong demons on eggs more and more layer producer want to prolong the legging cycle genetic companies have done a tremendous work because long time ago we are talking about fifty sixty five weeks of age or even seven to two weeks of age now we are currently talking more than ninety or weeks of age and it is really more and more frequent now to talk about hundred weeks but it's a very often questions from nutritionist from producer from farmers how to manage such a long cycling period and what should we change in nutrition in management in health we often talk about requirements or needs and they have not been often investigated on low laying cycle so it's very important to address all these questions and we decided in fact to address this important issue on how to maintain equality for long learning cycles taking into account the products yeag by taking into account also the layers and also the future of the Rosalia this webinar will be part of a series of Robina webinars on the eggs and layers and I think it's important to address the different issues and we also decided to have some didactic videos to better understand some fundamental aspects like the actual mechanism so shortly you will get to more information on how the action is constituted and in the eggs and I'm pleased to welcome today four well-known expert in scientist of the egg industry and science dr. Hasan Vionnet from FFI in Canada it was previously advisor at the international egg Commission and now is an independent consultant that's always in Canada and accepted to be recorded just prior to our webinar today due to the skype or difficulty to have the connection we prefer to have a recording before but it will be also online to unsquare to your questions later on doctor evenings from INRA in France our past president of the European Federation of WPS a I do not further present even as if you are concerned by eggs or layers you have met his name many times and I think it's a very well known expert in high nutrition and recently released a very comprehensive a series of books on the egg in layers with other scientists he is also one of the first who addressed the question of prolonging the leading project production beyond 70 weeks of age I am pleased also to introduce dr. Scholl's got home from in half wants to and specialist of the action he will illustrate the level of knowledge he and his team have developed on the actual development and he also invest a lot on the protein composition and properties of the egg white and I should have started with Valentino Chevalier before but the privilege to be the last presentation and the ladies in the round table from a girl campus wasting in France in rain with focusing on the hand product so see the egg product as the end product of the water layer are doing so is she's involved on the fractionation of the egg components and also the functionality of the functional properties of the different constituents of the eggs so before jumping into this hot topic of proton genes of laying your cycle up 200 weeks of age I would like to ask dr. vas yone to give a rapid overview of the worldwide egg production and the first question we could address would be what is the current egg production worldwide and water so leading countries so please run song even if we know that it has been recorded just before but please answer to that patient about the overview of the egg production we are very fortunate to work for a sector that has been recording strong growth over the past ten years according to data from the FAO the X sector grew by twenty seven point five percent or fifteen point nine million metric ton between 2006 and 2016 second only to the poultry meat sector and ahead of all the other animal source food productions the top ten egg producing countries in 2016 are listed on this slide China continues to dominate the global egg production with twenty six point five million metric ton a production more than four times larger than the number 2d USA India with four point five million metric ton is quickly closing the gap with the USA and should become the number two producing country within a few years overall Asia has six countries in this top ten list and Latin America is also well-positioned with both Mexico and Brazil in the list overall these ten countries account for almost 69 percent of the global egg production as we can see on this next slide with a global production close to 74 million metric tonne in 2016 sixty point two percent of the production was based in Asia fourteen point nine percent in Europe and eleven point four percent in Latin America and Asia is selling in the region where we must expect more growth with countries like India Indonesia and turkey expanding production very rapidly in fact on this next slide we can see that Asia has accounted for 68 percent of the growth in a production over the past 20 years and as I mentioned we will continue to observe rapid growth from this region for foreseeable future and along with the growth in a production the consumption of eggs is on the rise in many countries on a global basis each person on the planet consumes 165 eggs per year but as you can see from this slide we have tremendous differences between countries Mexicans are the number one egg consumers with 371 eggs per person per year that is more than one egg per day Japanese ranked second with 331 the consumption in the u.s. increased by 17 over the past ten years to reach 272 eggs per person per year in India each person in 2016 consumes 66 eggs which represented 43 percent over the past 10 years in many countries the increase of egg consumption is attributed to both more meal opportunities for eggs expanding outside the traditional breakfast consumption of eggs and also more eggs being consumed in a single meal meaning more than one egg at a time thanks Vasant I think to remember numbers we see that there is one hand per a Bhutan's but what about the prediction models developed worldwide and do you think that the evolution toward cage-free hens as we are facing in Iran we spread in the rest of the world yes as you can see on this next slide China you know dominates the ranking in germ of laying hands with 1.35 billion birds which is almost one hand per person followed by the US with 309 million and India with 214 million the largest flock in Latin America is in Mexico with a hundred fifty eight million birds for Europe it is in France with 48 million birds and for Africa is in Nigeria with 50 million Birds on this next slide we see that the vast majority of the top ten egg producing countries still raise birds in conventional caged systems it is mostly in Europe with a ban of conventional cages back in 2012 that we have seen a larger usage of known caged housing system mostly free-range systems there is also very strong push by retailers and food service companies in North America to move towards cage free production another training production system is the consolidation of the sector with larger farms and more birds per site it is suddenly best observed in China where until now the average farm size was around five thousand four hundred fifty hands it is changing very quickly due to government regulations in term of farm waste management and food safety concerns throughout China we now see a fast growing number of production sites with several million birds currently the top ten producers represent less than 3% of the Chinese production within ten years it is anticipated that they will represent about 30% of the Chinese production the average farm size is also increase expected to increased to 50 thousand hens bigger farms will translate into better management improve nutrition of the birds higher production efficiencies as well as safe and higher quality eggs the egg sector is also being challenged more and more on some of its long-established practices since the ban of conventional cages in Europe we have seen a strong development in alternative housing systems like BOM aviaries and free-range systems in addition to a higher investment behind these alternative system have also brought new problems with birds on the floor and in direct contact with feces we are seeing the re-emergence of some all diseases like coccidiosis and round worms with cleaning between frogs more challenging the infestation of European flocks with red mites has become more prevalent contributing to lower production higher mortality and an increased percentage of raw eggs all factors contributing to losses estimated around 2.5 hero this lower productivity has also an impact on the environment as less eggs are being produced for the same amount of feed consume and the same amount of emission of greenhouse gases big trimming has also been banned in a few European countries like Denmark 2014 and Germany in 2017 or will be banned in the near future like in the Netherlands finally the disposal of male chicks at the hatchery is also questioned in several countries so overall we see that a number of current practices like victory mean molting or disposal of male chicks are being challenged either by government with new regulations or by large retailers and food service companies and the pressure from NGOs and activist campaigns we consider the layers and NZ eggs but put about the egg products so maybe Valerie can comment a little bit more on what we do is e with the eggs after yes indeed so egg products are transformed and most of them in basic products such as liquid egg white egg yolk or all Hey we have also powders and liquid egg products and powders represent the 90% of the of the egg products and there is 10% which has second transformation HEC products such as Hamlet hard-boiled egg or egg in bar and which are four outer home catering mainly okay thank you very regarding Zia our focus today on a webinar on provisioning production what is the situation regarding this duration of production worldwide van song can you illustrate a little bit more on that we are seeing indeed a trend towards increased length in the lane cycle without molting this trend has some very significant benefit for the x sector in financial terms it allows for more eggs to be produced by the same birds making the non-productive put at stage cheaper when related to the novel bag used in term of sustainability the feeds consume and the corresponding emission of greenhouse gases during a bullet stage are spread across a larger quantity of egg produce therefore reducing the emission expressed in co2 equivalent per kilo of eggs produced various studies have established these emission currently between two and four kilos of co2 equivalent per kilo of eggs finally using less hands to produce the same quality of eggs will also reduce the needs to dispose of male chicks at the hatcheries the trend for longer length cycle is strongly encouraged and promoted by the current work of generating companies selecting for hands able to produce 500 eggs by hundred weeks of age with a longer production cycle nutrition will play an even more critical role in term of egg quality and shell strength and we will see other presentation following mine deal with this topic thank you thank you Vasil the first question I would like to address dr. if this is how we can help to maintain equality in long laning cycle do you think they have the breeding company did a very nice work by increasing the number of eggs initially they did by working on the peak of production they also try to have an early sexual maturity but since 15 years they already improved the capacity of the of the end produce for regularly use the best so they work of the persistency I know there's quite a lot of hands we're able to produce 500 eggs in at 100 week of age what's a little so what was important it was to increase the quality of the egg in all and so they changed the way to make the selection on select and for good quality good egg quality but organza get was used to have number of eggs also said just delays a problem on the program is when you keep and 4-valent do you still have the problem of eggshell quality what you need and then you can have because when and is producing for ninety weeks you will export more than twenty seven kilo of eggs was that mean about fourteen fold body weight so it's really a challenge also you can have some metabolic disease like a petits there toesies so austere paralysis and and what we observe is that decision to finish a prediction will no more be on so egg number but will be at the number of egg you can set with on the quality of egg talking about the long linking cycle what is important of the period management before so it seems that bullet management is an important issue for this and it's really first point is regulate challenge because as you know the rayhan are very low low weight so egg production has increased and so it's really a metabolic challenge and so it's important to adapt rearing period to the long line cycle and one of the problem is that the people in charge of running the Peretz on producing hands not alway in the same company and of course the people who are arrange bread will try to do it as a low-cost but during this period you have some change in the body composition so you have to adapt the nutrition to t malnutrition especially for protein during the first period and during the transition pair to sexual maturity and it cost and so it can be it's important to have a good Russian ship between the two white charger and of course what is important about your intuition will be manganese protein of course during the initial period of growth and during the period where you have also unproductive organ but another point is to prepare the bread to eat more because when the Ling hands is it will is initiated initiated you we have a large increase in the requirement and so you have to Train see and to feel more and so during the period between ten to sixteen week of age we have the opportunity first to train the bread to eat particle size and also because we can reduce protein level it's possible to introduce fiber in order to develop the organ facilitate this TBT of North diet during the Ling period okay so what is finally important is to reach a target established for each line but the burning company especially in terms of body weight with the bullets because we have to avoid that during the initial period of egg production that is a requirement for the growth so it is important to have the right body weight so to adapt attrition to that and of course also we have to adapt at the end the calcium phosphorus for the development of the mineral reborn and what is well establish is that is a Russian ship between the body weight of the bullets and the initial egg weight and but even during slate all the seven period of flying period you have a relationship between these two so it's a way to control the egg weight so it's very important not to compromise in fact if you like to management of the nutrition part of the egg formation and so on on energy and protein of course the energy of the hen has to be added up during the period of egg production and know that there is a Russian ship the narration ship betweens energy daily energy consumption on the egg weight when you will increase by about one gram they weight when you add the ten kilo calorie daily to for the end of course that is true mainly for level of Najeeb our local some two thousand eight fifty around here but it's working another point is to control the protein level because we we know that yes again relationship between dietary consumption of protein on the egg weight and there is a linear relationship and the egg weight will increase by on mean one point four gram per gram of protein we saw by playing with these two in trillions we can adapt a change in body weight and of course another part will be the fatty composition of the diets because you it's one way to control the weight and into up that will be one of the parameter to control during rolling period initially to increase egg weight and at the end to avoid the large ink is an egg weight and increase in body weight of an address I know in different conference and so on is the texture of the feed presentation the particle size and so on yes of course when you are considering the feed of the end you have to to know the composition of the diets but another part is level of consumption so lower-cost option is globally controlled by the energy level of the diets but aunt level of lipids a diet but another way which management is to control that size the particular because we know that may hence they prefer to use larger particles and young animals also you will stimulate the consumption by changing the size at least you have to hit if particle is on point eight one to two millimeters that will be improve the feed consumption and that has some positive aspect as shown in slide on the quality of the of the egg so it's another way it's very well known for the record some particle of course but as I you can improve the equality and talking about prolonging the leading cycle do you think that the particle size should increase with the age of the end yeah but I'm not sure what this will be importance may be especially for the calcium carbonate is a proportion of the particle size in new Han you will you may be will be 50/50 but in all the hand you will it will be wholly better to increase the proportion of rushed particular of calcium carbonate when from jingling cycles the program variability is very important we are more and more concerned with zone of laying cycles so can you comment Rosati yes it is very interesting to note the answer is a large eternity in selenium production between the different end of the of a flock on this slide you see that for a mean of about eighty percent you have 65 percent of the annual earning more than this mean level and you have about 40 percent of n we are laying more than 90 opossum but you still have some whirling of very low level so how you manage so the strategy will be to decide to feed and a larger production in order to maintain a large number of egg hoping that because we know that the end is able to regulate his intake relative to is a requirement to say energy level so to avoid extra cost so the strategy will be to feed the best end so to provide more energy amino acid and protein so when we consider equality we should also consider or just x i's and dont grading the quality of the eggs but he can you comment a little bit more on that yes and the variability is also very important forum for an egg producers since egg that are going for transformation [Music] I would buy products of table hex and then we have around 30 or 50 percent of the the hands of the eggs from layer and that are going to be either bigger or too big or too small for the table egg market and that it gets to to the transformation and we also have part of the egg we are coming from the classed hex or cracked shell for example or order tags and so it's a big variability for the heck producer because they have so many different from ours and it it's a it's a challenge for them to do okay so don't dreading the eggs from the egg shell is a big issue so I'm sure that Joanne has even more to talk about the eggshell quality and maintaining the actual quality yes we shall it appears to be very simple but in fact it's very complex material it is made you can see on the slice some picture taken by electronic microscopes and some schematic drawing on the right and you the composition of Shelley is mainly made of calcium carbonate but this calcium carbonate is made of specific shape which is named car side and inside the action you will find a few amount of proteins and proteoglycans which constitute an organic matrix and these minor components are really important because they are controlling the biomineralization process and this is what this interaction between mineral phase and organic phase is at the origin of the Utrecht structure and its final texture of reaction which define its mechanical property and of course it is evolving along the laying period to how to mean measures eggshell characteristics practically we can measure using different systems the first system that I can describe is the acoustic test egg tester it is composed of piano hammer which comes to it so rotating eggs at four different places and its use on a grading systems and the acoustic vibration of the actually is registered by a microphones and from this acoustic vibration we can define if the egg is already if there is some small micro fat robots are not visible by eyes and we can have some also some dynamic stiffness which are registering and which can be useful for selection for example and on the other slide you have another system this is the instrument can hold data on this system you have a constant load which is applied on this on the surface of the quarter of the eggs and you can measure the deformation of the egg shell which will indeed from this value to have the elasticity of the shell structure and also you can measure the actual breaking strength and taking it into account all this parameter on the shape parameter of the egg we can determine the general toughness of the vehicle so it's a bit like a cow in fact instead of having very strong massive cows you need to have something more deformable so how do you recommend between static stiffness and dynamic stiffness what will be the best here as you say is a comparison with car is good because you have to to a good car could go fast but to be solid so photo sure is the same you have to have a strong action very rigid with high toughness but Raj elasticity also be the best what are the factors that affecting change in fact okay the factor of at affecting shares are numerous many of them already well-known of course there's genetic of the bird so the physiology of burden of course the age of birth and so there is some nutritional factors optimization of feeds and so on and also the management of PN's and all the environment of the bird like like gene programs at temperature of course and one important aspect is also when we speak about the degree edx's the insert the stress which are supported by the VX during the the process of production in the roving sustained avec transport or in supermarket at home so what I can say is that the genetic has improve a lot the quality of affection the nutrition is really well optimized now and so it's limit a lot this this degrading eggs but it doesn't eliminate the breaking the breakage of eggs and specifically during the last period when the upper to 70 weeks and when we are yeah and when we talk about action very often we talk about minerals its classical to say okay it's a question of calcium no calcium but what about the proteins and I know that you are Ferrand expert on protein matrix yeah yeah okay so on the next slide you you have some representation of the different phases of the shale formations you have different events which are crucial to two of the final texture of reaction which determine its assertion mechanical property and during this event of mineralization we have analyze a composition of proteins which are involved in this process only for more than 700 protein in this process of course some of them are in low amount and do not play role but we can focus more now on more restricted list of candidate proteins but we know that they are involving shape by management process now we know what we have you as you can see on the next slide we have performed some bioinformatic analysis and we have detected the the we have determined functional activities of the identifing identify matrix proteins and we found some proteins which could which are directly associated to the mineral phase to control the minions process and to drive the morphology to stabilize the mineral to give to the mineral specific shape and the texture and you have also some proteins which are present in just to regulate the the drive is a formation the protein which are driving the mineral musicians so it's a very important focus for for the future and we expect to use this data now in some genomic selection scheme to improve our quality of elderly exam thank you how to help all layers now through nutrition and I think we can ask Eva but is no legend on that because really eggshell is an issue but nutritional you can what can we do nutrition is is very well known because when you are making a mistake in nutrition because you are giving whatever of calcium whatever you will see me at least the effect on actual quality so the actual strength will depend on two factor the amount of material and the fabric on the fabric depends mineral matrix as shown by by you are producing one of the problem we are is that in all and very often the defect is more problem of the fabric not on the amount of material but we still buy a nutrition can control this amount of metal but not only it is important to control thermal but also it is very important to sacrifice the calcium supply with a calcium formation because a cancer formation occur during the night so there have been a lot of technique once in one century for example the particle size of calcium well known to help to have this synchronization concerning the fabric is so is many genetic and says a big effort to improve the actual quality in all and but there is not so many Anitra nutrients were not to improve the question but it's possible that in the future because we know we are able to measure the proteins and disease of the actual matrix and the amount of protein or to quantify so maybe we can look if some additive for example will affect specifically some protein specific to the eggshell one involved in the fabric I want to give you just a few example concerning the effect of the nutrition so you can see that the calcium of cool the level calcium is important where Wagner and another part is size with a particle of calcium when you are using larger particle you will increase the synchronization and that's also important for the ball because in this case you can improve the bone by 20% in all ends will avoid some osteoporosis there's our one example with manganese where we have by Martinez is acting on the proteoglycan and so it will act on the fabric and we not really modify the amount of calcium so it's a very well known example about FAQ intuition of the fabric but about only one so we have a lot of issues an impression for the layers and particularly when we will prolong Zone in psyche when we talk about quality of eggs we should talk about also the functional properties and technological properties so maybe valerian you can describe a little bit more on that so to remind you I just have on this slide the egg white composition and we are used to say that egg white is an acoustician of proteins in there are mainly proteins a little bit of glucose and of minerals but that's mainly proteins and egg yolk in the next slide is rather a complex lipoprotein solutions with such a percent of lipids which are links to the proteins orphans in lipoprotein so and also a little bit of glucose and more minerals and in white and how can we measure the quality of the egg white and egg yolk so maybe we should define first what we call quality because quality for a tabular eggs is not necessary quality for for egg products for example in tables the weight will be important for for egg products which is what is important is a dry matter and dry extract because that's what the they are they sell in fact and so we measure on the physical properties such as hook you need for example but that's the most important so forth for the egg white is a dry extract and the functional properties which are directly dependent on the on the dry extract so we you can see on this slide how to measure they have unique so there are some special requirements for that and for egg yolk quality color is important but what is really important for egg product is the membrane resistance because as you as all of us know when you have a little bit of York in the white it's it's no good for forming properties so that's what is really important for the head produces and depends probably maybe could depends on the age of the of the layer and it's so important because we are talking about individual cooking and so on but it's so important also for the egg industry a little bit of yolk in the white and so on it's just 0.03 percent of York in white and then you can see it in the foaming properties so you can compromise with the trace of York and so egg is is using many many industry for its many many functional properties as a whole hag hag white or egg yolk in liquid or in powder but we use it for a colouring binding gelling foaming and this and the Mersey finding for the York and also for its nutritional value because it's it's one of the more balanced ingredient the age effect how can you illustrate a bit more the consequence of age on the properties of eight components I know there are some consequences but in fact the study are quite hot so we don't have information over 72 weeks which are the the the only data we have so we know that the major elements are quite stable for example the the protein are the same they don't change so much in quantity the coefficient of variation of the major element is around five percent so it's not that much we have a change in the whole unit anyway but the the most variation are four minor elements such as minerals vitamins or fatty acids but its main it's also due to the nutrition of the layer during the period and so it's very difficult to separate the effect of the h and the effect of the nutrition so I mean it don't have that detriment and if we look more at the properties the functional properties of technological properties there are some studies showing that when hope you need decreased such when as when the layer are getting older we have influence on foaming properties and so from capacity which is the quantity of foam you can do with a volume of egg whites are rather decrease but not that much but rather decrease with the age of hands but the stability is better so it means your foam when getting stable longer so it's rather a good news quantity of antagonism between the both properties when you have a very lots of foams it's not that much stable and and what do we know beyond the 72 or 75 weeks of age do you know if widen and your proportions we say it's quite stable but on the property so it's something to address lack of knowledge in because all the study done are quite hold and we don't have a recent data on this we have recent data on on the kind of if it's cage or burnfree yeah we have but no known age so we need to do our sophisticated more and its finest to have some financial support able to perform such as an offender study stepped at the quality for the table eggs and fewer studio into the function and properties and when we talk about you talk about forming property but about the various yes as well I would say bigger effect on the jet texture because the gel strength can decrease from such persons between a young and the hold head and I mean hold it says 72 weeks so it's not that hot no this is also important so now it is important to synthesize all this information I know that we could talk for many days about that but we have observed things we were still questioning the potential of nutrition and I think I would like to ask even as a privileged expert in fact for a long time to conclude on this topic ok so it's clear that strategy to increase the persistence in lay is really promising and of course or winning company are still working to improve the actual ideas about unit so there will be progress and so the the problem of equality will be will delay but of course this and once they are producing 500 eggs it's really a challenge for the metabolism and so we have to face some problem of osteoporosis a patek that toesies and feather picking on in this case nutrition will be an important issue for example we can play with amount of lipid in the diets to avoid to stimulate too much metabolism of the liver and to limit the impact of a particular disease for a work session particle size for example and for the piquant we mainly the management of the feet which will use fiber whatever to control the bird and still some some genetic I will also underlies the fact that the purity is very important so to prepare the plates to be able to it more when a training of laying period and to prepare for the Midori balloon and so on so that's an important part to control this phase of production and then because the ring hands are really challenging it will be important to better control strategy of feeling I mean to the distribution of feed maybe use some second shell feeding or whatever some alternative technique to encourage and to eat more to adapt to the challenge and definitely last point on the line is a fax up at the answering tell where we have so many erosion 18 so birth so we have to feed the best bird to maintain so high production level so they still potential for something and that nutrition is not miracle I mean you have to yeah to look at attrition in globally it's a war thing was to be optimized not there's no miracle solution I'm sure that that has raised a lot of questions or many question I think arrived during the presentation we will try to answer to some of them if we have not more time you can will may be able to find the easy on squirrels in the website the first question today most of nutrition is consider only three fights for the leading feed on set of lay usually mid lane I would say 20 years 60 years 60 weeks and only but with the longer learning period should we have different feeds for dance well I am not convinced that we should have had feed we should better adapt the different period to the egg performance on a quality of the animal so to have a sort of continuous recording of the performance of the quality of the egg them to adapt the feed to control the egg white for example but we don't need ready to have an additional phase because indeed it's just a delay of the drop in the quality with eh but we still still have this problem is not new yeah it's just it's all problem which is superior to our changing the duration of each period was to be adapt not a number of things interesting next question do long projection cycle compromise or affect the storage ability or duration of a conservation may be more for for very reason we do with old eggs give eggs that you can still keep in your I would say the cup but not the fridge but well if it affect the quality of these shells then we can think that maybe we would have more water transference from the extrusion to the exterior for example maybe we it's a good question we don't have so much so much data but we are we are developing current program to evaluate the effect of age on just to age of evolution of yolk unit and it will be also you have also to consider but it should be an interaction of the age of birds of time of preservation and tradition external conditions and future yeah so and it's complex question but has to be investigated question this question with Nicaragua you from the group of Joelle and we know that with the age we had a decrease in out unit and so there are uses of kinetic will improve that but then we look if by the storage it was possible to say is to idea the first idea will be to keep the egg as soon as possible to low temperature this classical way and also if you would like to look at is the condition of storage not the temperature but to we can use a technique to preserve egg until special guards or maybe so we know that for example co2 is improving what you need so maybe we can at least slow down the process oh by specific specific management of storage but will not inverse when you have a low quality that is possible to restore quality during storage as as it was at the initial step most of the development of the egg production is in the Asian countries hot countries I could see what could be the interference between a hot temperature and the conservation particularly when you prolong second of course we know that indeed when we have a decrease of the quality of the units at Pfizer per item ratio is due to the fact that we can't repeat villages yet but the main effect is directly on Zi yang because when you keep the egg at the right temperature you have a very rapid decrease of the audience so it's a sample example the way no it should be sample that mean if you put egg at lower chakra to you will maintain this quality varies an additional important question is the antimicrobial property of the egg what you know that the egg white if you put bacteria inside willing watch in every way do not do it special rule bacteriostatic but we shall there we with all and old eggs which are preserved at a temperature we also have to evaluate how can evolve in a microphone proteins genique progeny because we have of course to have to purchase some safe product for the consumers and that will be very important because in hot countries like when we mentioned Mexico with more than hundred weeks I think it's important to consider maybe we have another questions on the website with a strong demand developing worldwide on enriched eggs we took a very often about omega-3 vitamin D vitamin E selenium do you think that all Danes or prolonged laying cycle could compromise such benefits or enrich projects do you think that for me it's not a question because we know that by nutrition can enrich the egg and if you want to optimize this egg with a economical value we will have to work with young hand or during the period where the egg because they need to be of high quality not only for its contents also will wear during the first period this and will not work with all the end and we take marriage okay thank you another question in next few years how do you think genetics can contribute to improve eggshell quality that's why before so I try to explain you that there are some protein which are important in the shell forming process so what we know now is to invest we know which proteins are important and we can investigate in pure selected knives which proteins are present they are present in all births of course but we you have some small variation due to some gene polymorphisms inside and we can associate these polymorphisms through some measurement quality permament equality measurement parameters and that's means that we can determine the future which some select some appetite of living as a lineage which will lay some stronger actions and of course we're also some we are also to explore our vitamin G metabolites can influence at this period of age because we know that some of these proteins are influenced by the vitamin D but the process of aging can in and possibly the vitamin D metabolisms could be a lower to last period a little big inverse we didn't talk about the antioxidant properties and so on how to should we enrich a little bit on energy oxidants to help the old ends you know to get a better quality like a with vitamin E selenium and so on maybe because we for example especially was it written in memory one of the problem in the old end is that the vitamin run is equality in membrane strands going down so it's a program for egg products and it's known that submit I mean like I mean II may improve a bit so maybe by tuxedo you can contribute to improve what you know when we do some eye for put techniques is but various plenty gene and protein ecology to want to oxidant activities which have present and of course we have to consider all the involved during the aging period I think it would be good for SPECT to that we do also a question maybe for all of us could we go beyond hundred weeks today we say often 1995 800 weeks but with that level of positions that you show before and so on why not to continue being we say only because it's very clear message but of course by genetic there is no evidence has any limits so they we go on to answer a tablet iou's test on see was it found quality parameter actually quite high so yes may be possible to go further but we'd be cautious because the limit is what the end can do of course and what is a genetically after why they need to renew the uterus to have a bit quality so we can go beyond but how long it's a small five weeks more I think that we be in it at the moment but yeah you're right but it's quite interesting because you're always auspicious I would like sows cows and so on we tried today to renew - too often the breeders and so on but in the years now we say ok why not to go to go further maybe another question and yeah egg is one of the most violent and very say that before wine so good died in fact for humans but and that would be a dress - to Vance on what do you think about its potential in developing countries such as Africa so well so if you can address I know that it's favorite topic talking about Africa so first of all as you may remember last year there was a tremendous study being published where dr. Lunati from from the USA show that giving young children between 6 & 9 months of age one egg a day was able to reduce stunting by about 47% so tremendous impact of what I can do in young children in term of nutrition if we look at Africa there is certainly a huge deficit in terms of egg production Africa the continents about sixteen point four percent of the population but only four point three percent of the egg production so there is a light there based on a field data 2013 we had population in 50 countries that was consuming less than one egg per week and 34 of those countries were in Africa it is even in nine countries people consume less than one egg per month so really when we consider the great nutritional value the egg not just because of the high quality protein but also all the vitamins and minerals that are in the eggs this is a missed opportunity and I certainly hope that production of eggs and consumption in Africa and other developing countries is going to increase in the near future so thanks very much Avis I know it's a easy to participate to debate from so far abroad I would like now to run this song today or speakers were accepted to share their experience and expertise and to participate to this webinar you will be able to listen again to the program on fictional dot online don't worry if you want to better understand or review somewhere so many months you will have also the opportunity to look at some other answers to other questions that have been dropped into the website don't be disappointed if your question has not been put forward I hope you enjoy this webinar and you will continue to appreciate a fictional and I give you our next appointment for the next live webinar in June it will be focusing on tight tighter electrolyte balance and sodium salt so I think it's another quite interesting topics but don't worry we will come back to the eggs and layers later on so thanks to our scientists around the table and vaso abroad and bye bye everyone and looking forward to seeing you on feed channel sometime [Music]