[Music] thank you for introducing me and I would like to thank the organizing committee for the invitation and kind of picked a lady and as you can see I will talk today the title is from yoga to intestine nutrients and fear for better quality chicken so pata meat production as you can see in this illustration is the sequence of segments of phases and each phase has an effect on the final product on poultry meat each phase has limitations which holds back or enable to fulfill the genetic potential for growth and development and we are all aware by now that poultry production productivity and efficiency start from York formation in the breeder hand girls through incubation then transition period from embryo to independent chick and then the goin period until slaughtering and along this segments the nutrients vitamins and minerals are supporting and controlling goals and performance of course in dependency with environmental conditions a lot of research was done and is done on the growing period we know the optimal nutritional requirements of cob and what weeds the optimal lighting programs density temperature ventilation but currently due to the high relative proportion of incubation period to the growing period because it's 21 days that is 21 days our 50% of the 40-tooth growing days period growing period so therefore the great relevance in studying the nutrition of the embryo and the nutrition of hatchlings so looking at this axis of production we have to admit that our nutritional knowledge is very limited for the incubation period and when the chick embryo develops and in my presentation I would like to add more light on this period which I've marked by these red stickers so this is why I wrote here due to the high well event really relevant relative proportion of incubation period and transition period to the growing period there is great relevance in studying the nutrition of the embryo and hatchling and this is why I think this is a hot topic in my presentation I would like to add more light as I promised you and this is because in the last eight years my research in my lab was focused on these questions that I wrote here and we have published several papers and I'll try to sum or to present some of the question and answers to the questions that written here so the questions are what are the amounts of fat protein carbohydrates water minerals and vitamins that are invested in the boiler breeder Han what is the consumption rate of various nutrients by the embryo during incubation and can we stimulate this does it have interaction with incubator incubator conditions moreover are the nutrients which are consumed totally by the embryo during probation because if yes we are facing a deficiency status and also how does the embryo absorb and digest the nutrients so let's start the egg is formulated diet by the hem for the embryo and this is the nutritional content of the egg 70% 75% water 11% fat 12% protein 2 percent carbohydrates minerals and vitamins and all these nutrients are packed in the different compartments of the egg in the yolk and in the albumin so the yolk contains 50% protein said to 1% of fat only 2% of carbohydrate 51% of water minerals and vitamins and we know that the yolk is the major source for the minerals and vitamin and this is compared to the albumin which has 60% of protein and the rest is water only minor amount of vitamin vitamins and minerals and there is variation in the nutrients content and the variation is by for instance excise and also the proportion of the yolk to albumin varies with breed and with aid with blockage of course there is variation due to maternal nutrition the uptick rate of yolk and yolk nutrients the incubation is not persistent we can see here in this graph it's far away I hope you will see it this is day of incubation from 0 to day of fetch and this is the whole yolk and we can see that at the first phase of incubation which is the blue arrow only 4 grams of the yolk were absorbed while at the second phase of incubation the red arrow 10 grams were absorbed and this leads to the next question does the embryo takes the yolk as a whole or maybe the chicken demands for fact protein water vitamins and minerals are changed along the different phases of incubation so let's see what's going on with fat this is the fat okay and as you can see the first phase until day 11 hardly no uptake of York and then of soy effect and then extensive demand of fat from the yoke is presented as for water we can see it here okay and as for protein we can see some fluctuation and this is because I am porting transfer to form the albumin today yolk and by that this is a fluctuation which shows that not just absorption of a protein but also putting that transferred from the albumin to the yolk to the yoga so we found that there is a difference that the uptake of nutrients from the yolk a long incubation is is doing by differential pattern and this is one example for instance the yolk sac fatty sa amount in the yolk you can see again this is days of incubation I started from II 13 because before there is hardly no absorption of yolk say of your soil effect from the yolk and then you can see that there are specific fatty acid for instance here okay 22 6 okay that is consumed by the embryo in in Moab idli than other fatty acids the same is the same result of similar results of the fish differential uptick of amino acid was published by a Brazilian research group level and uptake of York minerals the incubation was a also published and was done in in my lab in several years ago and it came as a surprise for us to see that from e 11 okay there is a consumption of a phosphorus ion copper and zinc and look at the last days of incubation from is 17 to day fetch there is minor reserves of minerals in the yolk for the embryo and this is kind of deficiency in minerals incubation conditions has an effect also on the nutrient uptake by the yolk and overheating by 2 or 3 Celsius shows that less nutrient uptake occurs that the yolks are big and we have small embryos with lower hatch ability also oxygen limitations by 3 to 4 percent leads to reduction in fact utilization from the yolk and elevated utilization of 14 from the egg resources and also leads to lower glycogen in the piping muscle so we answered some of the questions and here let's focus on the last question how does the embryo absorb and digest the egg nutrients this is the boiler embryo in the hatchery at 17 we can see here the embryo we can see here the yolk and the yolk sac and the amniotic fluid so we found in our lab that the yolk has a fundamental role in embryonic nutrition and this is examples of several papers that we published so incensed the chick embryo woke yolk sac membrane expressed nutrient transport transporters and digestive enzyme genes also gene expression of nutrient transporters in the yolk and in the small intestine it was kind of comparison between them yolk sac carbohydrates levels and gene expression of key gluconeogenic and look in glycogen ik enzyme during chick embryonic development and also the last paper temporal transcriptome analysis of the chicken embryo yolk sac so here are some of our results and let me focus on something that you will remember because this is pictures so the yolk sac tissue composed of villi feels like structure projecting into the yolk content we can see here the villi okay and this is the yolk content okay and we observe that these are unique cells which build default and our in a direct contact with the yolk contact with the your content it this is the yolk content and all the content is absorbed by this unique cells which have projection into the yolk content and as we can see here we can see this is the yolk content and here we can see the blood vessel in the middle and this is the EEC cells in the dermal epithelial cells and the yolk is transformed from here to the blood vessels through there EC cells and the picture is from a embryo at age 15 which means in six days it will hatch and look here we can see the villas okay off the yoke sect issue it's not intestine it's the yolk sac tissue again this is the York and this is the village that enters the yoke the blood vessel in the middle and the yolk sac cells which are doing the job of digestion and absorption again 15 the yolk sac TCO let's magnifica let's make a magnification on this area we can see the morphology and at a 15 cell surface area is large no micro villi structure between the cells we will see them later here at 19 cells begin to decrease in their size and microvilli spread across cell surface and here they fetch the cells shunt okay ami Cavill i however microvilli covered entire cell surface all this picture in one slide will show us this dynamics okay so we can see significant decrease in yolk sac tissue cell diameter attached and these girls together with the reduction in the cell surface of the whole yolk tissue let's may make a magnification on this area we will be able to see in one picture the microvilli the microvilli appears on yolk sac tissue and the dermal epithelial cells from a 15 and they are important for your nutrient absorption so here we can see it a 15 in 19 they're fetch and of course we measured we didn't do justice ecology we want to see the gene expression and it was supported by the elevated gene expression that codes form for microvilli structure we also did next-generation sequence and more than 3000 genes were analyzed and these genes exhibited significantly changed expression across incubation days form e 13 to day of fetch this is a picture of clustering analysis of gene expression and functional annotation and it's revealed at regulation of genes involved for instance in lipase metabolism and in life and in the past transporters and this happens between a 13-2 in nineteen also expression of sodium glucose transporters and other amino acid transporters increased from a 13 to 19 so in summary there is the fair differential of take of york nutrients a long incubation by yolk sac tissue and uptake is dependent on environmental conditions which means the hatchery conditions and in bare embryonic needs which means the strain yolk nutrients are digested a long incubation by digestion enzymes which are produced by the yolk sac tissue yolk sac tissue dimensions peaks during mid incubation and decrease gradually toward hatch however digestion and absorption abilities exist as seen by gene expression our overall conclusion is now we know we started from the intestine but we know by now that the dog SEC is a multifunctional organ and it functions as an intestine as it produced digestive enzymes and expressed nutrient transport is its function as a liver as it produced and accommodate glycogen during probation period it also function like a gallon gall bladder as it produced bile and this is the green color that you see which is it's not a disease some vets think oh this is the problem no this is the bile and it also functions as a bone marrow in the synthesis of blood cells and let me quote two very good papers one from the lab from of Bower and shine there which is a good lab that do research on that in Vienna in Austria and another good paper comes from Brazil and which shows by stella jekyll analysis the contribution of the yolk sac liver and bone marrow to a multiple hematopoiesis processes doing chicken development but from a 17 the yolk content continued to be digested and absorbed by the excess tissue but it is also transferred through the yolk stock directly into the small intestine and this is a stage that the teach the small intestinal tissue start to operate and be active we can see here the York okay it's green and you know now by now you know why this is the the bile okay and this is the embryo and next picture will show you that at one day before hatch all the your content is in the gizzard okay this is the your content and you can see that it's also in the dough then and in the jejunum and ileum your content is transferred by peristaltic movements through the yoke stock and enters the embryonic intestine so we have two ways of feeding the embryo with the egg nutrients from East 17 the yolk small intestine develops and elevate its developmental development and functionality dramatically and this is to remind you how the villi looks okay so we see in the middle the blood and then the end outside cells and this picture was taken in in amber in soy in in boiler hatchling a day for we can see here the goblet cells okay and also the brush border region I have higher magnification and maybe it will be more clear okay the blood vessel in the middle this is the villi they long and Pola and two outside cells with we defined Bosch border region okay here and the goblet cells that produce music so let's look at intestinal maturation from East 17 until they'll fetch and they three so this is e 17 and no villi structure at a 17 the small intestine has Nova like structure where as a day of fetch villi structure our evidence and a days we post hatch villi are longer and wider look at the development of the brush border this is pictures at 17 the efetch industry of intestinal Bosch border which document the microvilli development so it is 17 although there are no villa yet short microvilli are evident a day off hatch and days we we have pronounced microvilli microvilli increased their length by 51% between their fetch and day three postage so make several papers on many papers this was 10 years of interesting research that was done in my lab and related to intestinal development cui postage period and this was characterized by gene expression histological measurement entered site and goblet cells functionality in production and also intestinal microflora and the general conclusion was that in poultry at the first week post hatch the intestine are immature and are going under intensive process of qualification and maturation its development is affected by first feed and these pictures say everything this is they hatch they fetch okay we can see the villi the entered sites are round and nonpolar they are not mature we can see in the middle the blood vessel no miko villi area at all here but a day 7 we can see a bigger villi the blood vessel a polar entered sight and pronounced micro villi area this is why we all know and we see it in the field that the first week post hatch is critical you too immature intestine there might be low resistance to physiological stress and microbial challenges more other important nutrients minerals and vitamins needed for supporting the fast development of critical organs especially in our nowaday first going strengths they may not be absorbed this is how we all our thinking and making a lot of research about early feeding strategies and this is for jumpstart the gut development and one is the Nova feeding and another strategy is early access to first feed only one slide which you will remember because it's pictures you will remember this feedings early feeding strategies and this is of course for better digestion and absorption of nutrients and for supporting the neutral the nutritional status of the hatchlings so this is the strategies for early access to external first feed not the feed that is invested in the yoke it's either at the hatchery or a transport or hatching at the farm and also by in over feeding which means feeding the embryo before hatch so let me start to summarize this story from York to intestine from eaten yolk sac develops its abilities for digestion and absorption by producing transporters for amino acids minerals fatty acids also by producing partly pancreatic and brush border enzymes also by elevating number of yeast cells and the cells that I just present you and also by develop micro villi then from in nineteen your sectio dimensions decreased still the ejection and absorption functionalities are existing the small intestine starts to be active and girls were accelerated the rate of development depends on early feeding day three yolk sac TCO disappears while the small intestine is the only tissue which is responsible for digestion and absorption the intestinal development depends on early feeding it's important for me this is why I voted twice so maybe I have example yeah I have a time for two slides that will show you that and this is yolk sac tissue ability to absorb amino acids form the yolk and this is done by a new technology of an eye scope and we can see here the gene expression of D and tree peptide transporter 51 at 11:00 no staining no expression of this enzyme no of these genes which code for disporting for the transporter it is 17 high expression this means that there is high ability to absorb the peptides the N 3 peptide 1819 it's going it start to go down at a del fetch you can hardly see any expression and what about the in test time this is an opposite picture e17 okay you can see it here is 17 hardly no expression of 51 in 19 it started okay you can see it here in the higher magnification a del fetch and day one higher expression of the genes which codes for transporters for D and T for 51 okay so yolk membrane and then intestine are responsible for the capacity to digest absorb and deliver nutrients from the egg content to the developing embryo until first feed environmental conditions temperature oxygen and also specific nutrients availability affect their development and functionality which influenced hatchling quality successful condition success so a successful transition from embryo to chick is subjected to optimal functionality of both tissues and this is the mark that or the arrow that I marked here and last slide is my acknowledgment and this is the campus of the Faculty of Agriculture Hebrew University and let me thank my collaborator david glenn yell noise bit of a cat and eric Wong and also my students some of them are sitting here okay le renard gari ammonia ill Shira relative are in shy Vasil Berger and my current student nama right there and Jonathan Taeyang thank you [Applause] thank you doctor unit for this brilliant presentation I think it will stimulate the discussion and the questions any question from the room so you clearly demonstrate that the embryo the easy egg is very important in the chicken growth now for years we thought we were nutritionists of broilers now we need to feed first your tissue the yolk sac really you mentioned how it is used after and so on how can we improve the preserves the profile of the VOP shoe in fact to support the development of the early growth okay this is the question the key question because in research first you investigate the tissue then you see the limitation the mutations and then you think okay how can I promote its development so I don't have the answer yet but I have ideas okay it's a new area of research in fact to feed the breeder first for the yolk sac probably it's in reaching the yolk content okay with the nutrients and I'm not talking about a conditions of hatchery which have also a large effect on the development of the yolk sac tissue okay but probably specific nutrients and the question is will the hen deliver it and invest it in the yolk it's not always the picture sometimes you are feeding the hand and the boiler where the hand doesn't invest it in the yolk definitely it's a critical more research yeah thank you any question from the room how to see with the lights in yes here on the right thank you for your excellent presentation I have a question regarding the model that you have been working on is it for the different breed and have you taken into consideration to age of the breeders because as you may know and you mentioned the impacts of inverter environment on the evolution of the embryo there is also the impact of the egg shape quality which which it depends mainly on the breed and on the age of the breeders and a second question for the evolution of the cut Umbreon Umbreon cut have you I have you worked on the evolution with in oval fitting thank you I'll start with the last question the answer is yes I'm working for 15 years on the effect of an oval feeding on gallop mint okay so yes so and your first question probably there are differences which in the yolk sac tissue development which correlated to the age of the breeding flock or to the nutrition but I we haven't yet researched this area any more question I'm sure it's very interesting to see this development and the whole uh playing during Xia embryogenesis and the early phase and so on so I'm sure a lot of question later on so we you can join me to thank again dr. Z ever you need thank you [Applause]