[Music] so good afternoon good afternoon thank you huh we're a small group so we have a bright group here a poultry guys on the other side forget about them there so the idea during the next 45 minutes is for us to get a glimpse into what is first of all what actually has changed from a genetic point of view in South in modern cells I'm just gonna go quickly over the aspects related to nutritional changes related to genetics because the two speakers that will come after me they will dedicate quite a lot of effort into also talking about the nutritional requirements of these animals and then of course we'll come into our main subject which is actually related to feeding behavior that's something that has caught our attention and you will start understanding that probably we're not feeding the animals the right way or the way they should be fed actually we're going to discuss a bit on top of this just a comment on what Florence said yes I did my part of my PhD in guadeloupe so it's not bad to do your studies on in a Caribbean island yeah it's not that bad it's very good I recommend that to everybody yeah no stress at all okay so we all know that genetically the cells have changed right these animals have changed from a genetic point of view we are improving the potential of these animals and therefore improving potential we also improve their capacity in terms of output and therefore their nutritional requirements so when we look at the equivalents in terms of productivity a cell uses per year to produce piglets and wait for the concept is the equivalent in nutrients of almost 36 percent of her body weight mass and when we look at milk production its equivalent to almost 200 percent of her body weight condition so the cell actually renews herself every year twice when we talk about productivity so as she has a high demand in in in the sense but the is always what really matters in the life of a cell if we look at all the different stages that can impact on the sales productivity and we'll of course culminate culminate with with with the positive or the negative at output during the adult life you'll see that we have several moments that are really critical so it starts with the birth we know from a genetic point of view that there is a concept called genetic repeatability which is the capability of a determined individual to replicate or repeat a certain characteristic that he has on his on his offsprings for example so birth weight is one of them so if I select a gilt there was born a kilt a selector for reproduction and this kilt was born with a low birth weight there is a high probability or genetically she can transfer the same low body weight to her piglets list low birth weight to her piglets during her productive cycles also rearing face we know how important it is to rare the guilts properly so bone development body mass condition everything is related to how we're going to prepare this animal for the coming phases which in my opinion I think these are the two most important moments in a cell's life after these ones of course first gestation and first lactation we've been working already for more than 15 years with cells and and and I can tell you if you get the first gestation right and the first lactation correct I mean allowing the cell to produce what you can produce and avoiding this maximum body weight loss during first lactation normally this animals capable of just going on in terms of reaching her maturity and her longevity within the system so there is a need for understanding effectively in a proper way what we should do and how she should feed these animals in these two initial cycles besides this high productivity these animals are constantly growing so the sows they constantly grow up to fourth fifth parity and besides this growth that these animals have they are going through catabolism and anabolism in each one of these phases so when you feed this animal or when you develop a nutritional strategy you have to consider that your animals not only recovering or gaining body condition to sustain productivity but she's also growing and this has to be met if we want to allow this animal to reach its potential okay in addition to this genetics has changed completely these animals cells have a higher metabolic weight cells have less fat more protein and reduced feed intake capacity this is basically due to genetic selection for efficiency I mean if we select pigs so if we select finishers for more efficiency this means that we are selecting against feed intake and we are selecting this on the mother soon so the cells have a lower appetite compared to cells from 1015 years ago so this all has to come into the equation because if we want her to sustain high productivity we must understand that the nutritional profile that we're going to work at these cells has to change associated to this we have differences between parity orders a young cell is completely different from our old cell or from a mature cell and this can be expressed expressed by the nitrogen retention I mean when we look at the first 60 days of 50 days of gestation you see basically that adult cells have a completely different difference different retention rate nitrogen retention rate when you compare to young cells to first parity cells this is mainly related to body recovery these cells these adult cells they are recovering what they lost in the previous lactation and they have a specific moment for this a moment in which you won't have previously or afterwards a competition for fetal development and for mammary gland development so understanding that you have a young cell that has a growth curve that is completely different from an adult cell that's the first step if we want to get things going right inside our gestation barns second genetics has changed the number of teats this is a number that we have to put now into our calculations when we model requirements of animals of cells we have to consider that these sounds have more teats if they have more teats this means that they will produce more milk actually well they have more tissues or organs related to milk production and to develop these teats there's more tissue involved in this so more nutrients are necessary just Dean this this growth so back in the year 2000 I used to select for 1214 teats in the farm and now he's selecting for more than 16 I took this picture two years ago two years ago I took this picture on the farm in Chile 20 teats and this wasn't the only guilt though several guilts like this on our farm our research farm at the University we work with with a commercial genetic line a Dutch Dutch Norwegian line all our guilts have more than 18 seeds so this has a direct impact on how we're going to establish the nutritional requirements of these animals so if we model the nutritional requirements of these animals you'll see that when I compare 14 to 16 teats after 70 days of lactation of gestation you see that there's an impact of around 14 to 15 percent on energy and lysine requirements on a daily basis when I look at the number of fetuses going from 14 to 16 from 70 114 days again another 14 to 13 percent impact on the requirements and what about that guilt that has 20 teats when look at the guilt has 20 teats this is an impact in terms of lysine of around 42% and when we look at the number of fetuses it's around 43% so we see that fetuses and also mammary gland have the same contribution or the same relevance for establishing the nutritional requirements of these animals at this very important stage and of course when we look at the nutritional requirements and the change in the dynamics of how these requirements change during gestation it is clear to us that proportionally the animal does not use nutrients the same way this means that the ratio between amino acids and energy it varies throughout gestation starting at a ratio at around 2.30 6 in the beginning at early gestation and ending at around 3.09 at the end of gestation but what do we do on a commercial level on a day to day basis we work with one unique feed for all the cells considering one unique Rachel for all the sounds so we've seen so far that young cells grow completely different than adult cells we've seen that the nutritional requirements they're dynamic and they change throughout gestation so this means that we are not able of sustaining productivity or allowing the cell to express her potential if we keep on feeding in the same way and considering that they're all the same inside the barn okay so how to feed cells properly to attend its nutritional its nutritional needs this is the main question okay we know what are the nutritional requirements we can easily model this we can establish feeding programs or nutritional programs you can have the best feed additives that you want I can use enzymes I can use amino acids I can use you can use whatever you want to establish a good program but nothing or none of this will actually be effective if I cannot put the amount of the right amount of nutrients into light inside the sound into her stomach so that all the process can get and get started so this means that feeding the cell is highly relevant and knowing how we have to feed the cell even more relevant so this is what we're going to discuss a bit here feeding management is completely different than feeding behavior that's the first thing here we think we know how cells eat and I'll show you this afternoon that probably we have no idea how cells eat they have a completely different feeling take pattern and what we expect we've been doing a lot of studies in terms of this I'll share some information here so this is not the same and if we extrapolate to the different production systems it also changes so one thing is to feed a cell in cages the other thing is to feed the cells in groups so then you have social behavior you have the effects of the environment the effects of of pen mates I mean there's a lot of factors influencing this so when we look at the main factors that can impact on cell voluntary feed intake we have heat stress we're going to discuss this a lot and you'll understand why I'm bringing on because well it's not only because I come from Brazil and we suffer a lot of heat stress but heat stress is is an issue also in temperate regions and I'll show you a very interesting work that we published with a company last year on this this year on this health status nutrition social behavior well these are all the factors will influence directly your feed intake capacity and how the cells will actually eat so three main questions that normally we they always ask if farmers always ask to us when we visit farms and we talk about the subject okay number of meals per day does it make a difference normally I go into a barn and they ask me professor does it make a difference if I feed the sow only once per day or twice per day or three times per day will this impact on my stress levels my cortisol levels to which extent as cortisol actually have a negative impact on productivity on reproduction performance of the animals and feed efficiency how can I improve my feed efficiency with the feed strategy that I'm using or the way I feed myself does it impact negatively or positively on my feed efficiency so looking at the first question number of meals per day makes any difference well recent literature published published showing indicating that feeding see gestating sales more than once a day in small documents did not influence reproductive performance there was one study and I looked up several studies looking at this and we also at the university we've done several trials short trials on this looking at this and it really doesn't seem to show a big impact on the product on the performance of the animals it's not about the number of meals that we actually give to the sound it's about the volume so about the amount of feed that you actually give to these animals stress versus performance with cortisol so in this study they looked at different levels of feeding now so these cells or different volumes associated to body condition and the conclusion is cortisol levels are more influenced by the volume than by the frequency so cells that receive a lower amount of feed the more stressed they have much higher cortisol levels and then yes you have a negative impact for example on piglet birth weight but sows that receive the nutrients that they need well there's actually no no no sense that actually there will be in a stressful period except that you probably are not feeding them properly or feeding them in that at the right moment so and we're going to see this here what about the effect of housing these animals cages group housing again dynamic or static housing did not defer on cortisol levels nor lesions social behavior productive losses those several papers published in Denmark published published in Norway published in in the Netherlands indicating this cortisol levels are much more influenced by gestation stage and parity order so it is true if I mix old cells with young cells yeah for sure the cortisol levels in the young cells will be much higher because they'll be stressed by the big ones it's a it's a dominance effect it's a social effect but if we equalize this uniformity within these spins no problem at all and working at dynamic or static housing housing system also there was no impact on the performance of these animals okay but what about feeding behavior during gestation of these animals kinetics of feeding behavior so we started the study recently at the University so we have these precision feeding machines so we can model and feed the cells every day with a different feed based on their daily requirements based on the modeling and the performance traits that we get from the cells but what I want to show and share with you here is this graph here I think this this this graph has surprised me and then I started looking at data coming from from feeding stations around the world in different countries and we see exactly the same result here what we see here is that housing groups in in the feeding stations in the machines this is this this beneath here is the hour of the day so midnight 12 o'clock in the afternoon and then midnight again so 24 hour range what we see here is these are visits with intake and these are visits without intake what we see at the sows they eat most of of all their meal that is actually determined by the computer or even everything that they are allowed during the night so between midnight and between 8 o'clock in the morning and then at the end of the day around 4 or 5 o'clock they come again because they're hungry they're hungry first because we limit the cells in terms of volume I mean if you later adjust 18 cell eat based on her capacity she can easily eat six kilos but we limit her to 2.5 3 kilos depending of course on how we're feeding and what are the objectives of this feeding program so this means that she will eat everything here at this moment here it's a nocturnal feeding take pattern and then at the end of the day again she shows a feeding take pattern she's hungry this has to do a lot with feed composition different from what is done in Europe if you look at the Americas great part of our energy source comes from starch which has high glycemic Peaks but short so this means between five hours everything's absorbed in five hours and then at the end of the day she's hungry so this shows to us the relevance of using fiber for example this will be aborted I know by one of the speakers after me so the use of fiber fermentable fiber has a high relevance especially because of this because what we see the cells are still hungry during the day and they starting to manifest ate this type of behavior of course this can be related to stress like I said cortisol levels will change if the cell is hungry and this is what we're starting to see with these studies here this is still early early results but it's clear to us that while the cells in gestation they have a nocturnal feeding take and the interesting thing is that okay we we we we question well could this be related to the light for example now this light during the night there in the okay we switched off the light no difference I could be related to the machine the machine maze makes no noise at all so the animal in I don't know we still under trying to understand it but what's going on we have cameras filming these animals to understand the behavior and understand which of the moments that all the hours of the day that this is triggered but I started looking at data in Spain I started looking at data in Portugal in Mexico in Chile and Brazil with feeding stations open buildings closed buildings the behavior is exactly the same the cells eat during the night this is their feeding pattern at this moment during during gestation okay another aspect that we have to correlate to this to this this hunger moment that she has here or this lack of of filling her nutrient needs is the efficiency of using the diets that we give to these animals if this animal is submitted to a fasting period that's too long and this is what's going to happen because she eats everything here and then she's hungry she will only receive feed again 24 hours afterwards there's a natural tendency that she will go into a gluconeogenesis period or process this is natural this happens with us when we are in a fasting time a to go with too much time without eating something it's natural that our body will search for nutrients so we activate the gluconeogenesis process what's the problem with this most of the gestating diets that we use nowadays they have amino acids in their composition industrial amino acids in their composition meaning that if I'm in a glucan audience process the first nutrients that are absorbed by my metabolism they are driven directly to the liver to produce energy and this is what happens effectively amino acids like churning tryptophan churning isalean isoleucine methionine valine they are redirected directly to energy production to glucose production this means that this proton gated fasting time will activate the the hepatic gluconeogenesis and this means that great part of these ingest set of free amino acids are redirected for energy this probably will generate an unbalance in the amino acid levels so we are formulating considering a ratio of amino acids but the way we're feeding the cells or the way she's eating is actually causing an unbalance in these amino acid ratios so this means that probably we're losing efficiency in using amino acids for probably fetus development for growth of this animal and even for mammary gland development okay just quickly this will be shown in in the next in the next in the next presentation but this is the difference when we look at a European diet and when we look at a corn soybean based diet that's a difference so it is all related to how the animal will use this these nutrients present and and for how long this will keep them in terms of society in terms of glycemic levels so the use of fiber for sure it has a very important role when we talk about just stating cells to prevent this type of feeding of this negative feedback feeding the cells during lactation unlike gestation in lactation we need to maximize consumption to enhance our productivity that's the main difference we need to potentialize the amount of feed and and get the maximum of nutrients into this animal because she's in a high demanding face she's producing milk she has a lot of piglets and still she has to keep up in terms of body condition and depending of the sow we have to try to prevent body weight loss because she's still growing just like young sell okay again the factors that can influence an impact is heat stress health status nutrition social behavior welfare these are the main factors that will always be impacting on your on your feed intake capacity production or Pig production of course it's limited by climatic factors I mean if I look at the estimates for the same genetic line so if I take the annual parameters so this from last year this graph is 2015 but the data is from 2018 from the same genetic line in the Netherlands and in Brazil the difference in productivity are huge it's the same genetic line same genetic material we're talking about at least when we look here at firing rates more than 90 percent less than 89 percent retention rate and so third parity around 70 and this more than 78% so longevity and productivity and income what is the main reason related to this yeah we know it's heat stress and heat stress it's not only limited to the southern part of the of the of the world it's not a problem that's related only to tropical and subtropical regions it is also related to Europe this is a study that was performed in several countries in Europe looking at the amount of time or the percentage of time that the temperatures inside the barns were above the upper critical temperature of the south and the consequence impact of that on feeding take what we see here countries like Netherlands look at this in the farms that were evaluated 74 percent of the time the temperatures were above the upper critical temperature with an impact average impact of one kilo per day on the sales feed intake if you look at France look at this in this region couture you see 84 percent in this region around 51% Spain 68 percent of the time south of Spain 91 percent of the time so heat stress is not a problem only related to southern countries it's related also to European countries Asia well look at this 81 percent of the time the temperatures are above above the upper critical temperature so it is clear that heat stress is a common problem to everybody when we talk about lactation about the lactation phase we know that there's a direct correlation also related to body weight conditional or parity order of course behavior the animal of course the more susceptible the animal will be to heat stress due to the endogenous heat production but on the other hand if you look for example the young cell compared to an adult cell due to the fact that young cells have naturally have a lower feed intake capacity these animals tend to suffer more on the longer term when they exposed to heat stress due to the fact that heat stress will impact negatively on their intake these animals will tend to mobilize more condition or body condition to sustain productivity and naturally these are animals that have less body condition than adult ones then adult cells so in terms of longevity young animals can be more compromised when we look at at the effect of heat stress in terms of longevity for lactating sounds heat stress changes the kinetics of feed intake also so study we performed a couple of years ago and we looked here at the effect of the climate on voluntary intake of these animals and what we see is that under heat stress conditions the South she will change her feeding take pattern she will try to adapt herself to that local condition because she still has to keep up with productivity we know that heat stress will reduce productivity we know that heat stress will reduce the capability of this animal and in coping and expressing its potential but what we see here is that animal tries to adapt it itself so we see that feeding take tends to be within 24 hours Asher the South shows a peak or two peaks of feeding take normally related to temperatures so normally at the end of the night early in the morning and then F again at the end of the afternoon so CDT animal is trying to adjust itself itself so you can actually be able to attend its nutritional demands under these conditions understanding and knowing feeding take is highly relevant not only from a farm point of view but also from an economical point of view I mean if I know that the sound needs to ingest 63 grams of lines in per day but I have a limited feeding take my nutrient requirement so per kilo feed is one point twelve but if I have a cell that has a high feeding take this changes completely the need and the density of my diets so knowing and understanding the feed intake has a strong economical impact also I don't know who here works with formulation with feeding companies but you know how much this costs going from one point twelve to 0.9 it's a lot of money involved in this year there's an effect of genetics we tend to model considering a parameters coming from literature considering estimates that are published but genetics are not the same this is a study that were performed with the three main genetic lines in Brazil done bred p IC and topic 'snore-son and what we see the feeding behavior is completely different completely different you've got a cell line that's capable of eating more than the other one you've got a cell line that has in its genetic program robustness so it means it's more tolerant to heat stress it's more tolerant to challenges and therefore the cell can go on producing besides of course there is a limit but she can go on producing besides a challenge so understanding that genetically you have this difference that's also important issue you have the effect of the individual you can have the same genetic line insane inside the same barn and you will get a cell that will be eating the ideal curve you'll get a salad will be ingesting below its potential and you'll get a salad show metabolic disorders but at the end of the day what we do we work with average that's a reality we work with an average in the face that we could actually work with more precision individually because these animals are actually caged individually they're normally when I go into farms and I visit farms I do that world during the whole year my visit farm several places the world the thing I always ask the farmer do you know you're feeding take yeah I know my feeding take okay how much is your average feeding taking your barn and then the guy says oh my cells are eating nine kilos per day and then I'm in Colombia nine kilos per day what's your genetics oh it's this genetics here as I'm sorry you have no idea what's going on on what's going on inside your barn and then when he actually starts understanding what he's saying he's talking about the amounts of heat produced by the factory divided by the number of sounds that's not feeding take that's a very very bad estimate I can tell you by experience the difference between what is produced by the factory divided by the number of cells to what really your cells are eating in the barn is twenty percent twenty percent so it means that 20 percent of your feed is going to the rubbish it's going for rubbish it's just going down the drain because they don't have a control of this so it's things that we have to start to think about because at the end we always working with average values so okay how can we proceed to try to benefit or help the sow to cope with these challenges and to actually improve her feed intake because that's what we want during during lactation okay we can work to two procedures here nutritional strategies actually the third procedure which is genetics we know that there are cells that are selected like I said for more robustness so this is a characteristic that you can imprint inside this animal inside the genetic program and you've got an animal that's more tolerant but still but still these animals are limited by the environment nutritional strategies dietary density that's something very interesting and most of the people that work with nutrition what do they do under heat stress conditions let's put more energy let's put more protein why because the animal reduced feed intake by 20% does this really work is it really like that I'll show you here use of additives well let's try to stimulate animals for example feed flavors and of course changing the environment you can change the environment this is a study that we published and we developed this back in 2003 I was so much younger than I am today still a student back then no wrinkles now I have got a bunch of wrinkles but ok but we developed this a couple of years ago this floor cooling system for sounds and of course the results are very very interesting 15 percent improving voluntary feed intake 28% improving piglet daily gain this is directly related to allowing the cell to thermoregulate herself with efficiency because via conductivity of eye conduction you have direct contact and the cell is constantly exchanging heat with the cooled floor it works perfectly I know that in the Netherlands a group in Vienna and they developed also a very similar system after hours but with a small plate just cooling the shoulder here we cooled the whole cell there was the whole sound so it's more effective because you have a much higher superficial contact zone so you can exchange more heat but in the Netherlands it also worked so it shows that if you change environment yes you can help the cell oh but I don't want to change my facilities I don't want to change my buildings ok let's cool the water this is a nice study was published in 2006 cooling the water and again improved feeling take improve productivity and this is corroborated here by the parameters the physiological parameters we have we also have a cooling system at our unit at the university because where I live temperatures range between 25 and 42 degrees so if that's not heat stress I don't know what it is but the thing is we implemented water cooling also and the difference between one summer and the other without without water cooling one kilo average daily intake for the sounds so it really matters if you help the animal out with this type of situation it's now cooling for those who don't know not know who what is now cooling this is now cooling so this is very common in Brazil very common in Asia which consists in redirecting cool air well to the snout or to the neck of the cell so it's basically based on a convective heat loss system not so efficient as a conductive heat loss system so what we saw in this study in Brazil is that we improved by 7% a voluntary feeling take using the system and 3% piglet performance okay so we know we can change the environment okay but that costs a lot of money and not everybody wants to do that so what is the next step okay let's try to use nutrition to attenuate the negative impacts of heat stress okay what can we do from this point of view like I said normally what people do under heat stress is increment the feed density right more energy more protein because micelle reduce 20% of her intake correct no not correct we just developed us we just we publishing the study we just finished it recently we managed to show here that excessive lies in intake in the first parity actually has a negative impact on your second parity productivity excessive amount of lies in intake same result is published I think two years ago in the u.s. too showing the same thing excessive amount of nutrient intake of amino acids impacts negatively on cell outcome on her longevity on her productivity okay so less piglets born with the excessive amount of lysine because at the end it's not about adjusting just protein again it's like I showed in the gestation it's a ratio it's working an ideal ratio between lysing and between energy and considering of course all the factors that are influencing our or impacting on this animal we did the study in 2014 for sales and the heat stress conditions energy levels for sales and heat stress conditions in lactation and look how surprising this is best result lowest level of energy same same result was observed by Ross arrow from you from the US I think in 2015 or 16 he published two same results lowest level of energy was the best result for sales and the heat stress conditions this is quite obvious sows they reduce productivity not because they reduce feed intake they reduced productivity as an effect of the invite the environment changes the whole metabolic profile these animals levels of t3t throw in c4 they drop because these are thermogenic hormones so the animal has to survive the animal has to adapt a to that condition so you will reduce all the sources it will reduce all the sources of heat generation so what we see there is a major reduction in productivity if the cell produces less eats less has a lower maintenance because our intestine also reduces its size my total energy demand is much lower under these type of situations very similar with growing pigs - ok but what if we work with the crude protein levels or the levels of protein yes it's very effective study published 2001 and we published this in 2009 reducing crude protein levels of the diet improved by 15 and 12 percent feed intake it makes sense why because I'm reducing the Thermage thermogenic effect of feed TAF by reducing the protein content and of course supplementing industrial amino acids and this has to be clear so we supplemented industrial amino acids reduce the crude protein reduce the thermal thermic effect of feed and as a consequence the animal had the capability of eating a bit more so this can be a strategy to be adopted another theory of strategy is probably changing the feeling take pattern on this animal stimulating this animal to eat more in different moments this for example is an idea that we published this last year it's evaluation of feed flavor supplementation on the performance of lactating high prolific cells we done four studies on this and I'm going to show the four results here and we did it all with the three main genetic lines - this was the first study where we did a dose response and what we found here was this was done with a Danish genetics okay what we saw here was an improving 29 percent involuntary intake and an A+ for kilos average per day more milk production of these cells by increasing voluntary feeding take this had a positive output and on these on this animal performance traits then we did a trial with with a North American genetic so with P I see here and again we saw very similar results improved feeding take in these animals by 16% improved piglet performance traits by 11% and no production by 14% and in this trial the straddle is very interesting because then we proved the imprinting concept because here we gave the flavor to the south so a control 92 sells and the feed flavor to 90 sells and then we divided the litters from these cells into a factorial approach where we gave these animals the same flavor or not of course based on the previous lactation treatments and we managed to prove that you can efficiently work with imprinting you can make a link between lactation and the first week post weaning and this will reduce the level stress and improve intake and growth performance of the piglets the idea of imprinting is creating a positive memory the piglets have contact to a certain component which creates a memory a sensory memory and then you use the same concept again in the first week post weaning and then this brings them a positive memory and then you see that the animals actually look a bit capable of replying and giving you a positive feedback on this then we did a trial comparing feed flavor with floor cooling sorry with snout cooling okay so this was the result of the snout cooling I just showed you was part of the study so when we compared no sent out cooling with the use of the flavor again 16 percent and 8 percent more feeding take this was very interesting very similar to the other result to the other trial and when I looked at the effect of snout cooling and use of crave the benefit was 12 percent extra this for me was the biggest challenge how to explain that using a feed flavour the animal has a bit of feeding take then using evaporative cooling system this was the big challenge explained and also I'll explain to you in a moment and then of course there's a there's an additive effect when I when I join when I use now to cooling with with a flavour six percent more three percent more and compared to the control that has nothing it's a 19 percent improvement in feeding take we did the same thing we did this this test of the use of a palates ability concept in the three main genetic lines in Brazil so topic spicy and dumb bread and what we see here is please first thing I'm not saying that one line is better than the other I'm not saying that one genetics is better than the other last time I presented this the P I see guys wanted to kill me because they thought I was saying that the dumb red cells are better than the P I see no I'm not saying that this is the benefit you get when you work with a feed additive such as a palates ability of heat flavor for the genetic lines so improvement 16% feeding take four topics 16 P I see 29 for dumb bread for instance what I want to show here with this and and and 2 well the message I want to show to to indicate here with us with this table is that according to the genetic line you get different outputs so the feed additives they don't work the same in all in all genetics so sometimes you do a trial with yeah let's say the trial with reverb you in in topics and then I do NPIC in doing dumb right and I get three completely different results or sometimes you do the trial one unique genetics and then you expect that this will be the truth for all the other ones it's not true because genetically these animals are different the efficiencies are difference in these animals okay and what about the kinetics of feeding takes so this is how we discovered and found way exactly the sounds were eating more so we just finished this trial last Sunday so this is fresh first hand this is the kinetics of feeding behavior during lactation with crave so a total of seven thousand one hundred thirty two inputs here in this in in this graph in terms of data what we see here is under heat stress conditions so in in went in summer so here the temperatures 36 max 19 average minimum humidity so control four point 78 kilos of feed per day average and with crave five point ninety one third with a flavor so this is 24% more feed intake so very similar to all the other three trials that we've done there are similar results so again okay it's clear to us the flavor works the animal eats more but how does the flavor actually benefit or when does actually this animal in it's feeling take and this is where we saw it between 3 o'clock in the morning and 10 o'clock in the morning the cells concentrate around on average independent of its control of its crave the animals concentrate 80% of their feed intake in the morning or late late at night or let's say here after 2 3 o'clock in the morning and early before 10 o'clock in the morning so we see here is that very similar to what I showed in gestation sows they express a feeling take pattern that is nocturnal but then you might argue no wait a minute this was done in summer what about winter does this have any difference in winter ok I'll show you here it is in winter summer winter in summer the south 8 on average 4 point 73 in 1 to the 8 6.97 but when I look at the percentage of feeding take again summer 75% of all feeding take between midnight and 10 o'clock in the morning and winter 80% between midnight and 10 o'clock in the morning again exactly the same feeling take pattern except that in summer you already see the cells starting to eat a bit more around 6 o'clock because and the temperatures go down they're hungry they're capable of eating a bit more there so what we see here is that the environment changes the feeding behavior of the cell and when you use a feed flavour you can actually induce or help the animal to eat more because it's what's taste it's something driven to a positive reaction a positive reply to what the animal is tasting there so she's capable of eating more there in in the sense and like I said when we look at this it's very similar to the gestation ruff look at the gestation ruff again two peaks of feeding take again two peaks of feeding take so it shows to us that the cell does not change her feeding take pattern she eats similarly it was in the same way in gestation and in lactation the difference of course is how we're going to formulate the diets and how we're going to manage to get the nutrients that these animals need in these different stages okay because I think I have on my last minute so as final considerations this is clear cells have changed per activity and body condition this changes completely all the estimates and the outputs that we have nowadays we've been modeling quite a lot in the past three four years and time and again when I plug in genetics a Dutch Norwegian genetics into standard literature equations it doesn't fit the cell doesn't fit if I take a Danish cell and I put it into standard equations it doesn't fit so it means that especially on the fat and and protein ratio level cells are much more thinner nowadays feeding behavior is completely different and feeding management that's I think the most important message here we have to understand how cells eat in order to get them to ingest what they really need cells are hungry during gestation and of course this will impact on behavior functional nutrients and feed additives can have an important role if we have this type of of negative impact due to the way the cells are eating nowadays this opens opportunities for us to improve efficiency and of course feeding behavior is more nocturnal independent of the season that's something relevant and something that we have to consider why do I put this here and why I show these graphs if you go into most of the farms that you have on production levels and you ask them how they feed yourself so how they feed the cells I say well most of them feed itself three times per day 8 o'clock in the morning 1 o'clock in the afternoon 4 o'clock in the afternoon ok why well first at 8 because that's when the work has arrived and why 4 because that's when the work is leave and at 1 yeah because nobody has nothing to do it's lunchtime let's give the sow some food to me also because we are hungry so probably the cells are hungry but what we see here is that the sows eat 80 percent of their total intake before 8 o'clock in the morning and normally what people do is split in equal fraction so I have to give the cell nine kilos per day 3 at 8:00 3 at 1:00 3:00 at 4:00 she doesn't eat like that and if she doesn't eat like that then we start getting what beta body weight loss if we start getting excessive body weight loss thus impacts on productivity and impacts on second cycle syndrome okay so I'd like to thank you all for for the patients and if you have any questions it'll be a pleasure to answer [Applause]