[Music] thank you um thank you adesayo for having me present this and for funding it and i would also like to thank all the students that helped with this project um this is only some of the names there are a lot more people that were involved in this um basically i had 15 students helping me the take home from this is when this hydroxyl selenium methionine is administered at the same level we get the same effect that we get with selenium yeast so selenium we all know is an essential mineral that if deficient in the soil will therefore be deficient in dairy cows and for the northeast this is very true um supplemental seleniums exist in organic and inorganic forms the organic are selenio yeast and then the silici selenium methionine or hydroxy selenium methionine those were the two we looked at in this trial the overall objective was to determine the amount of selenium that was transferred to milk and blood in mid to late lactation cows when we supplemented them with either the hydroxy selenium methionine or the selenium yeast we also had a control group that was the controlled diet so we had 24 cows with 12 multiporous and 12 premier paris um it was a replicated random block for 13 weeks the first week was covariate the last 12 weeks were for treatments the treatments were basil diet or negative control which will be designated as nc the basil diet plus 0.3 milligrams of selenium from cilia yeast which is the positive control it's sy 0.3 the basal diet plus 0.1 from the selenium methionine and that's semet 0.1 and then we had the 0.3 which we designated as ohsm et 0.3 the basal diet was formulated to have a background of 0.2 milligrams of selenium per kilogram of feed fed and this was a diet that we fed it's very typical diet for the northeast here unfortunately we should have had a 0.2 instead of a 0.5 we found out as we're running this that our mineral was contaminated with selenium from natural sources that we had no control over so milk yield and dry matter intake were determined daily average by week milk samples were collected in the last three days of the covariate week and week 1 2 3 4 6 8 10 and 12 of the treatment weeks also in that time frame of the three days of the covariate and then the three days a week one two three four six eight ten and twelve we collected blood samples the data was analyzed using the mixed procedure sas with repeated measures the fixed effects were level weak and block the random effect was cal and then block and significance was noted at p less than 0.05 so now i'm going to move on to the results um there if you look at milky there is no difference among the selenium treatments they were all significantly higher than the negative control when you come down to milk protein we see that for some reason the positive control was significantly lower we're not 100 sure why there the interesting part was down here at the linear somatic cell score the 0.3 selenium selenium yeast i used selenium methionine we had a 0.1 where everybody else was up closer to 2 and for energy corrected milk once again the three sources of selenium were significantly higher than the energy corrected milk um i'm going to show you the weekly differences here for the linear semantic cell score so here's our selenium methionine hydroxy selenium methionine as you can see they all started out very similar a little bit higher here a little bit lower here but by week two these guys had dropped significantly and stayed down low whereas everybody else was up high except for week 10 where everybody took a dip and then went back up this is the plasma and milk results the selenium and the plasma milk um these were a little bit higher than what we thought once again it had to do with our basil diet being higher in selenium than what we thought so we get the highest amount of selenium with the selenium methionine and then we get it with the selenium yeast and then this is just the selenium methionine um and then the negative control same thing occurred in the milk so our highest was with the selenium methionine then the positive control then our 0.1 value and then our negative control the glutathione peroxidase activity was not different um among the groups so this meant that we weren't really getting any more signifi any more activity by feeding more a higher a more a better form of selenium so once again here's our plasma by the week and as you can see the two point three seleniums we stayed high where the other ones start to decrease this is our milk this we cannot explain um we've sent the samples back for re-analysis they come back with the same amount of selenium in them so this is a mystery to us but everybody else if we get rid of this we've kind of had a nice selenium you know high in the beginning when you were earlier lactation as milk production dropped off um the selenium in the milk decreased this is the glutathione peroxidase um it kind of increased over the time period but it was not different among treatments so in conclusion these results confirm that organic selenium forms can increase milk and can increase selenium concentrations in milk and plasma in the hydroxy selenium methionine lowers and maintains a lower somatic cell score which in virtual means lower somatic cells but when administered at the same level of supplementation the selenium methionine was shown to be more efficient than selenium yeast at improving selenium concentrations and with that i'll take any questions thank you thank you thank you nancy for uh for your presentations um the uh i have a couple of questions uh in regards of the dairy diets uh you you started your uh your uh statement that dairy diets are deficient in selenium is that correct uh for everywhere or my understanding the reason i'm asking this is because my understanding is that depending on some regions of the country you may or may not bring more or less selenium to the diet of the dirty cows that's true i mean the northeast is very selenium deficient and i think parts of the midwest are but then other parts are not so you wouldn't really be feeding extra selenium okay another question i have nancy is uh my understanding is that selenium is the only uh mineral that is regulated by the uh by the uh fda um and it's being regulated to uh to these uh 0.3 parts per million per kilogram of dry matter now is that i mean that doesn't seem really reasonable based on this information that you just show up in here that the the depending on the source of selenium you're adding to as a supplement to these dairy diets you may or may have more selenium delivered to the dairy cow right um you also have to remember even though selenium is an essential mineral it's also a toxic mineral so when you get too high you can cause toxicities and the biggest concern is that we have too much selenium in our if we're feeding selenium to the dairy cows we get too much selenium in the milk and then we're passing it on to consumers so that's one of the reasons the fda has put in that point three they know when you're feeding this stuff it's going to go a little bit higher but if they put it at 0.5 then we're we could be getting into some toxic effects my my understanding and uh uh was and maybe we can leave this for for at the end of the presentations but since we're in this topic of toxicity my understanding again was that the sources of the toxicity of selenium one of the issues when this point three parts per million was uh set was because of the potential carcinogenic effective of selenium but the sources that are being fed uh to dairy diets are not the uh the ones that are caused uh a cancer so so i mean i know that some people have been questioned and and that some people are pushing for uh for uh maybe uh uh raising that number up considering the potential benefits of feeding selenium to cows any comments on that that's all up to the fda daniel yeah you know i have no control over that um it will be interesting i mean this was an fda trial for the selenium methionine hydroxy product it'll be interesting to see what the fda says i don't know if they've gotten back to people at a sale yet or not we submitted that back in i think it was february or march um because we knew that the levels were high so it'll be interesting to see what they say because we had no you guys aren't seeing all the data but we had no adverse effects on these cows so like we measured all the blood uh metabolites so like neutrophils and vasophiles and um platelet counts and the liver enzymes and all that and nothing was elevated to the point where we were causing problems with these cows and you remember these cows were on it for 12 weeks and they were late lactation cows the only thing we did see was that benefit with somatic cells yeah and this is another topic and maybe we can leave this uh for uh for me kelly our next presentations to some of those questions have come to him but he's been involved with this research for longer for much longer time we will we will bring him to the next speaker uh the next speaker uh so so maybe he could address some of these questions nancy as well thank you very much you're welcome yeah so our next uh speaker is michele de marco uh kelly is uh he's a is a a he's an iso employee and he's been involved in these projects uh since the very early stages uh based in france uh michelle you are on and i can see your presentation thank you so thank you daniel for the nice introduction hello everyone as uh thank you for uh for joining this uh i disagree roundtable as daniel say my name is michele demarco i'm a italian and i work in here in france in paris as a global technical manager mainly uh focus on uh selenium and on hydroxyl methane uh better known as a siliceo so uh today uh i will present you some preliminary data coming from a trial that we carry out with uh some with my colleagues uh in uh in france uh where we aimed actually to provide some new knowledge around selenium additive metabolism in in ruminants and in dairy cows so to start i would like to i would like you to consider the following question is sodium selenide transformer into elemental selenium by reuben microorganism so now we will see what we discovered so just to introduce the topic as nancy said just before selenium is an important race element uh for an endocrine reproduction and antioxidant systems in animals today there are three main families of selenium additives there are the historical and mineral form uh mainly sodium salinity that have been authorized in 1979 in us but are still widely used in uh as a selenium supplement you know for for livestocks since uh two times in the year 2000 arriving in the market that the so-called organic form of selenium and these organic form are mainly selenium yeast so yeast are enriched in selenium and when they have been launched in the market it was a big revolution in the study nutrition because they were the first form of selenium able to provide selenium in the form a part of the selenium in the form of selenium methanol and then since 2014 in europe and since last year in u.s arrived in the market the so-called pure form of organic selenium that are actually a form of selenium that are produced by a pure chemical synthesis and are able to provide 100 percent of the selenium in the form of selenometania or in the case of salicyl in the form of hydroxy selenium metallic when we talk about selenium additives we know that the mineral forms of selenium are well known to have a lower view efficacy as compared to organic form of selenium and the this pure b efficacy it has been only already largely reported but is still poorly understood particularly in ruminants and limited the result present in literature showed that this lower b efficacy can be related to the formation of some elemental selenium in the in the room so to answer these questions we carry out a trials in in our experimental facility in france uh with the aim uh to evaluate if uh feeding uh dairy cows with uh sodium selenide uh or organic form of selenium leads to the synthesis of the creation of some element of selenium in the roman jews so basically we use the 11 roman cannulated austen cows that have been divided in four groups a groups was fed with a negative control diet based on hay and the protein and the energy concentrate but without any supplemental selenium and then the other groups were fed the same negative control diet supplemented with a 10 milligram of selenium per cow per day either in the form of sodium selenide or in the form of zinc selenium italian or in the form of hydroxy selenium metallic siliceo the cows followed an adaptation period of a seventh day where they were fed the uh the negative control diet and then they will uh they were split in the four uh feeding groups for 22 days and then after 22 days of a feeding period uh some sample of blood were collected at 22 days and the sample of rumen fluids were collected at 22 and 23 days to evaluate the level of selenium and the recovery of elemental selenium so now let's move to the results so as you can see in these two graphs i reported the level of selenium recovered both in the plasma samples and in the roman fluid samples in the upper graph you can see that the two uh organic form of selenium so zinc selena metani and celiceo led to have the highest amount of selenium transfer into the plasma as compared both to the sodium salinite fed groups and the negative control group and the same was detected in the rumen fluid where also in this case the two organic form of selenium led to the highest level of selenium transfer in the in the roman fluids and by comparing the two organic form celiceo was the form leading to the is transfer interesting to see is that when we correlate the data that the the selenium recovery in the plasma and the selenium recovery in the room and fluid there was a very high positive correlation uh meaning that the the recovery and the the analysis of the selenium into the plasma is a well correlated and is a completely explaining what is also happening in the at the roman level you we can see here the square r was a point 96 so very high positive correlation and when we analyze when we did the selenium speciation in the in the room in fluid sample where actually we analyze all the three all the for example for the recovery of elemental selenium we saw that only in the group of cow that were fed sodium selenide we were able to recover there was only in this group the formation of elemental selenium something that we were not able to detect in the cows fed the negative control diet or the diet supplemented with zinc selenomethane or with siliceo and then we saw that the elemental selenium in the sodium salinity group represented about the 42 of the total selenium uh analyzed and then when we evaluate in which fraction of the room and fluid this elemental selenium was uh more present we saw that the highest amount of elemental selenium was detected in the fiber fraction of the of the roman fluids so to conclude we were able first to see that organic selenium forms lead to the higher transfer of selenium in the room and fluids and constantly into the plasma and in particular hydroxyl and metallic was the form leading to the highest transfer of selenium both in the in the room in fluid and in the plasma the selenium level in the plasma we saw that it was proportional to the selenium level measured in the roman fluids this means that the total selenium in plasma tell the truth and there is a very good biomarker to evaluate the selenium status of our herds but at the same time also to evaluate what is actually happening at the roman level when we fed different types of selenium additives and the last but not the least we demonstrate and we confirmed some old data about the fact that sodium selenite is partially reduced into elemental selenium in the rumen which partly explain the lower the availability of this mineral form of selenium in in ruminants and uh with this light i will end my presentation i will be glad to take your questions thank you thank you uh michelle uh is this the view from your house sorry it is the view that you have from your house unfortunately not but it's not far from my house to be honest thank you for your uh your presentation michelle it was a was great i do have a couple of questions uh uh is he is uh uh this uh uh maximum uh level uh the uh the uh the uh uh 300 milligrams per kilogram of dry matter is this the same uh for all species or is just for dairy no no for all species actually worldwide we are limited in the selenium supplementation at the 0.3 ppm per a kilogram of feed or per kilogram of a dry matter intake and we cannot go above the 0.5 ppm of the complete feed or the complete ratio and this is uh something that is uh common for all the species so monogastric or ruminants and we have a main difference between europe and uh all the other countries all around the world because in europe actually the limitation is more strict because in europe we can just provide 0.2 ppm as a organic selenium because they are they are essentially taking into account the higher bioavailability is that that's the reason why yeah in europe but this is the reason why yeah but in uh in us the limitation is uh the same if you provide if you supplement selenium in an organic form or in inorganic form because normally they authority so fda takes into account that on average the raw materials can provide between 0.05 up to 0.2 ppm of selenium from the raw materials so you can normally then add the 0.3 bpm to get the maximum level of 0.5 ppm have you have you uh i mean what for what i know i mean the the maximum beneficial impact would be for this or one of the the impacts of feeding selenium at two two stages in the lactation of the in the cycle of the cow one is a transition because of the of the antioxidant impact and the argans is on reproduction have you uh have you run any trials of testing this product in in transition or or to look into the impact in reproduction of the cows i mean so far we did some trials we also published a paper uh last year we were mainly focused actually on the transfer of selenium from the from the uh from the dams to the to the newborn calves and we saw that there was a stronger uh uh a significant uh highly transfer using silica compared to sodium solenoid from the the mother to the umbrellas so actually uh through the colostrum the the mother was able to transfer more selenium to the newborn cows helping them actually to a better start compared to the group that was just fed with the with sodium selenide and then we have a very positive feedbacks in particular from countries that are highly deficient in selenium such as new zealand in that case in that country the use of a solicitor is quite is now very very large because actually there are you know um dairy cows are mainly on pasture so and the soil is very deficient in selenium so as soon as the farmer they start to use a hydroxy cell in a methane they're really so strong positive impact on on fertility on a conception rate uh on the uh and also on the on the quality of the of the new berkeleys perfect thank you uh thank you michelle i mean this is a great information and is obviously an area of research that that we should focus and uh and do more work because of the results and the potential benefits for the uh the reproducer and the cow are really really huge so just one another small comments about what you say before about toxicity actually is also very important to highlight that the organic form of selenium so mainly selenium metanium is a has a much lower toxicity as compared to sodium selenide and this is already very well demonstrated so also in case of uh mistakes in the selenium supplementation uh selenium methane is a is a form that can that is much more safe as compared to mineral form because it is proven in different in vitro but also in vivo models that the toxicity of this organic form of selenium is much lower compared to sodium cyanide so it's also safer compared to the mineral form that are still weirdly used in the market great thank you thank you for your presentations both uh nancy and mickely and uh please uh hang out until until we hang on until we are at the end of the all the presenters so we we might some other questions may come up after we're done with all the presenters so thank you again for your presentations thank you yeah uh our next presenter is uh going to be uh mateo's uh toledo uh mateos is from brazil uh and uh and we are lucky that he's alive uh he just finished uh and that went over his uh prelim exam last friday i am surprised that he showed up today matteos is working under the uh under the supervision of dr milo uh wilbank and uh dr randy shaver a student a phd candidate at the university of wisconsin so with that matthias uh go ahead please thanks thank you danielle uh just to confirm you're seeing my presentation on the screen right yes sorry yes you you are okay good all right good morning everyone uh thanks for joining this ad seal virtual round table so for this presentation uh we're going to talk about the effects of feeding room protect me timing pre-imposed pattern on health disorders and herd access dynamics immutable paras hosting cows so there was a large trial we conducted in collaboration with cornell university so a lot of people were involved with i just want to thank all my colleagues in here especially uh machias estan gaffero which was the leader of the trial uh in cornell all right so to get us started just as a brief introduction so we we all know that methionine is a very important nutrient it's a required nutrient and one of the most important limiting amino acids depending on the the type of the diet and also a functional amino acid you are looking at the molecule of methionine here on your left and then uh on your right you're looking at a diagram by doctor ooh showing many functions that amino acid can have and that's described what the function amino acid is on the top you are seeing a function of protein synthesis and then besides protein synthesis amino acids can have other functions and that's how we we say it's a functional amino acid and mentioning is involved with some of them uh you're seeing a couple here for example dna methylation and then uh some of these we're going to talk about today italian can be involved with health as well all right more recent studies show some work indicating that methylene may be involved with some health indicators and those are related with immune function inflammation liver metabolism and oxidative stress however those studies do not have a larger a large number of cows to adequately evaluate the prevalence of health disorders with that our objectives there were to determine the effect of feeding room protect my timing in pre-imposed prior to gmr on prevalence of health disorders and then also we're looking at if methylene feeding room protect methane alleviates the negative impact of health disorders on productive and reproductive performance uh this is how we conduct the experiment we enrolled 470 multiparous hosting cows half in university of wisconsin and then half at cornell university cars were randomly assigned to close up dry cow and replicated lactation pens aging pants and then pens were randomly assigned to a control or a room protect me timing treatment whereby the only difference was the inclusion rate of roon protect my timing uh this table is just showing you the estimated cncps amino acid supply we have the two uh locations and then pre and post pattern i just want to show you the difference between treatments uh pre-pattern we have a difference about six to eight grams of metabolized methionine and then postpartum we have about 14 15 to 18 19 grams this is a post-partum diet chemical composition uh some minor difference between the two locations but overall very typical midwest and northeast right hood protein about 16 16.8 percent this is our experimental design you're looking at our timeline before calving we broke cows and then fed treatments until 147 cows were enrolled in a double half sink protocol and then the two pregnancy diagnosis at day 32 and 67 and then you followed those cows until 350 days in milk uh this is where we recorded all the health disorders uh ketosis written placenta mastitis respiratory problems and lameness that was until 147 days milk uterine cytologe was performed at day 35 after calvin milk u daily new composition was bi-weekly and then uh time to pregnancy and cows that died and were sold that was recorded up to 350 daisy milk in addition to these we classify cows based on health disorders number cows with no health disorders cows with single health disorders and causes multiple health disorders for all those analysis pen was experimental unit and then we previously report productive and reproductive performance in previous adsa meetings just want to show you how feeding group protect methylene and increase increase of plasma methylene to do this in this study we collected blood samples from a subset of cows 72 cows and that was within three hours after feeding cows were at meat lactation not relaxation 80 days milk and then we individually analyzed for free amino acids this is the average so there was a treatment effect for calcium protect methylene at 35.7 micromolar and then for causing the control uh 21.6 that's the average but i just want to show you what's interesting is the variation that we see individually here we see a lot of more variation for cows that won't protect methylene you look at coefficient of variation uh for for the control 22.2 percent and then for the cause that will protect methionine 29.5 moving on to the proportion of health disorders uh we're looking at first all the the categories causing non single and mutual the control and the room protect my tiny you look at the number of cows there 237 for the control and 233 for the room protect metallic treatment and then p values for treatment and farm and then below here we have uh each type of health disorder okay and then on the bottom we have eaten health we did not observe any effect of treatment on any of these category type of health disorder and uterine health there was a psychological endometritis at day 35 after kevin this is the productive performance by health status category you're looking the three categories uh and then within each category we have a control and room protect me timing and then the p values for for each category uh we did not observe in effect for nucleus energy correct milk and energy content in milk however when you look at new components we see some increase in cows with no health disorders about 30 grams but that's not significant for causes of single health disorders but there was an increase about 50 grams there was attendance but we we saw a greater effect when cows had mutual health disorders and there was about 80 grams of milk protein in addition for new composition we saw in fact an increase in milk protein percentage for all those three categories in addition the time to pregnancy after calving this is a survival curve analysis you're looking at the proportion of cows pregnant and then on the x-axis the time after calving comparing cows with no health disorders and causing mutable health disorders you look at a hazard ratio so cows healthy they had a little more than two times more chance to get pregnant earlier right and then uh when you look at the median days to pregnancy for cows with much poor health disorders 151 in cows with no health disorders 83 days so it's a huge difference in time to pregnancy when we compare treatments with thin cows with no health disorders we saw the same hazard ratio so they were getting pregnant at the same time however for cows with at least one health disorder we saw a hazard ratio of 1.38 and then cows fed room protect methylene they were getting pregnant earlier and that was about 23 days uh moving on to herd accent dynamics you're looking at the cows that were sold die and left to hurt that's just a sum of sod and die we observe attendance for a decrease in the proportion of cows that were sold when we feed from protect mechanic and that was up to 350 days in milk uh below here we just look again at a survival curve just showing that the cows uh in the control group they were sold earlier compared with the cal's felt room protect metallic and then the hazard ratio that was 1.1.5 uh just summary and conclusions so treatments had no effect on any type of health disorder regarded we observe improve overall milk protein production and that was particularly in cows with health disorders in addition he appears to reduce time to pregnancy and cause at least one health disorder and may decrease the likelihood of cause being sold but of course you need future studies to confirm these results and determine the mechanisms whereby room protect methylene may alter a pregnancy viability and likelihood of cows leaving the earth that's all i had thank you and i'm hoping for questions daniel thank you mateos a really nice presentation i know that it's hard to to assess the impact of health disorders and the number of cows that you need for treatment and so on and so forth right just have a couple of questions uh uh why is the uh the coefficient of variation of the of the plasma methionine larger for the cows that we have in fed uh room and methionine compared to the control cows it looks like there was much more spread on those cows yeah that's a very interesting question so we're not sure why we see that variation but it can be many many things right it can be a trimet intake only which is one thing that we did not record we just had a pen parameter intake it could be also metabolism right so cows are using methane in different so there's a couple possibilities and we need more intensive studies to to try to study the metabolism of metalline and their variation why that happen okay the uh as you mentioned uh uh it seems to be uh that the cows with higher incidence of uh of diseases uh it's not that the cows fertility and protected methane had higher milk protein is that the cows with higher incidence of diseases lower their meal protein content can you speculate why is that they lower the mu protein content it looks like because numerically you see a higher uh milk yield but milk production is higher for for thousand multiple health disorders is that what you're asking well i mean uh you know you had a difference a significant difference in terms of grams of meal protein in the cows that were fed you know but it but yeah those were the same uh i mean what about if i if i recall you know let's i mean you you can go back to your slide number nine uh uh i think is that that's the slide that uh that you showed um in uh in that table uh yeah that's that's like there so uh essentially you had you know 80 grams more uh protein for those cows but it's not that that those cows produce more more protein is that the the control cows had less meat protein right right grams of meat protein so so i mean yeah is that because methionine was can you speculate and i don't want to put warts in your mouth but is that because methane was used to for some other purposes in those cows i yeah i mean this is just to uh to say this is just a correlation right it's not a randomized trial where you're testing this it's a correlation yeah it looks like for for those cows with multiple health disorders i don't have the p-value here but you see a difference uh if you look at the control there's a hundred grams of difference okay so the for cows that are sick it has a a huge impact on production right and then when you feed the programs of more methylene it seems that those cows it could be they were more deficient in methionine and methionine can help with health somehow and then that results in improving in protein production okay okay great thank you um yeah i mean uh all you obviously there are many things that we are still learning about the mode of action and methane and how the cows use this and how they divert all these amino acids uh to help them out but uh these are this is great information mateosa uh also i mean uh the cows uh the cows are tied to pregnancy i know that there was not significant value there is significant difference there but uh uh it is uh it is a good number of days uh difference in the earth so so it looks like uh i mean that's that's uh it's a it's a really nice important value to uh to take a look at it uh in terms of uh the the economic importance of these so yeah exactly yeah yeah so anyways uh this is a great presentation uh uh and great information mateos uh we're going to move on because uh we we are about uh a few minutes late now uh and i'm going to move on into uh the next presentation which is about mycotoxin by dr nancy whitehouse so nancy if you can share your presentation and we will go with uh with your your presentation once again thank you for having me come this morning and this was also sponsored by addiso it was a mycotoxin deactivator that we looked at i'd like to thank ben kearns and hannah robertson they both did this as part of their senior thesis because there was a lot of work involved in this study and they chose to do it as their senior thesis overall we found out that mycotoxin we fed the mycotoxin deactivator it improved dry matter intake and energy corrected melt yield increased monocytes but had no other effect on the other immune cells when we fed a natural mycotoxin and you'll see what that is in a second so mycotoxins are secondary metabolites produced by molds mycotoxin contamination of feeds pose a serious health effect to dairy cows we normally will see decreased intake decreased production you have an impact on the immune system and you also see decreased fertility we did not look at the decreased fertility in this study so the objectives of the trial was to determine the effects of the of a mycotoxin deactivator on lactation performance and plasma leukocytes in dairy cows bedding mixed mycotoxin contaminated feed so we had 24 cows they were mid lactation it was replicated randomized block we had seven weeks one week for covariate and six weeks for treatment our treatments were negative control which we'll designate as nc positive control with a mycotoxin exposure from contaminated distillers grains which we call pc and then the pc diet plus 60 grams of a mycotoxin deactivator is unec plus formatio and we're going to designate that as up and the mycotoxin was composed of clays yeast antioxidants and herbs this was the diet that we fed once again it's typical northeast diet for us we did add smartamine ml i mean smartamian m and edgyproal to make sure the cows were lysine and methionine adequate so that that was not going to be a consideration in this trial when it came to the health indicators so milk yield and dry matter intake were determined daily average by week milk samples were collected on the last three days of each week and sent off for analysis blood samples were collected from the coccio vein for three consecutive days on the end of the covariate week three and six and it was run on a veterinarian hemological platform to look at the immune responses data was analyzed using the mixed procedure assass with repeated measures fixed effects were treatment week and treatment by week random effect was cow within block and significance was noted at p less than 0.05 so we're going to move on to the results this was what we looked at for mycotoxins so this was our control diet this was our distillers grains which was what we were feeding as some as the natural mycotoxin and then this is the tmr and then this is the contaminated these are also distillers grains these had very low mycotoxins they came from the same part of the country but a different facility these were the high distillers grains and this is tmr and as you can see with the fuma sin um we did have a lot in the distillers grains when it came to the tmr was lower because it's being diluted out the alanine and the bomb toxins this was the one we were really looking at so as you can see in the distillate grains we had a lot of it but it was diluted out a little bit in the tmr just because of the other things were feeding but it was still fairly high so for dry matter intake you can see when we fed the positive control which is those distillers grains we did get a trend toward a decrease and we had a treatment by weak interaction when it came to milk yield we didn't really have anything we had a treatment by week again which i'm going to show you in graphs in a minute energy corrected milk same thing and then i came to somatic cells the negative control was the lowest with our two mycotoxins being the highest so dry matter intake this is the graph so you're going to see what i'm looking at on the y-axis weak is going to be on the x-axis the negative control is blue the positive control is brown brownish orange and the mycotoxin deactivator is a gray so there was a difference right off the bat at week one with the negative controls being a little bit higher than the two then they all kind of came together but down here you can see our positive control really starts to drop off on us with these two staying similar and then it starts to come back up at week six when we look at milk healed um once again we see you know the pot negative controls a little bit higher than the other two with the positive control being in the middle and things are pretty much similar until we get out here at week six where we see this positive control just drop off on us and then when it comes to energy corrected milk it's even more exaggerated we actually start to see that drop off for that positive control which has nothing in it um starting it i really think it starts at week four but it doesn't turn significant until week five and it really goes down week six and we're actually getting when we feed the mycotoxin binder we're getting a little bit more energy corrected milk versus the negative the negative control here and then some egg cells here's our negative control it's always down low and then something's going on between week five and six we see that positive control really start to go up with the um mycotoxin binders being in the middle and then when it came to the leukocytes um we looked at neutrophils lymphocytes monocytes and then overall leukocytes and as you can see there's a trend for a decrease in neutrophils with the positive control nothing with the lymphocytes but with the monocytes we definitely see those are decreased and a decrease in monocytes usually indicates that there's some kind of infection going on because these guys are going in and like this shows it's killing off whatever it is and this could all be something to do with that somatic cell stuff going on because that was or some other health issue that we could not pick we did not see so adding a mycotoxin deactivator did improve dry matter and dry matter intake energy corrected milk yield it increased monocytes or you could say when we didn't feed it there was a decrease in monocytes but it had no effect on the other immune cells we do have we did take roman samples in this trial and that is currently being processed due to covid our lab that processes stuff for us is now doing covid related work instead so things are kind of on hold there and we do need to do further research because this was a very short time it was six weeks and we were starting to see stuff occurring at week five and six um we really think this should go out to like 12 or longer to see does the microbes you know they say that microbes can kind of take care of some of the toxins do they or is this you know if you keep feeding this is this going to have a long-term impact on your cows so i will take any questions thank you nancy uh for your presentation uh uh this is uh very timely as well uh in terms of uh the impact of mycotoxins i just have one question regarding uh do you have any explanations why the impact on dry matter intake of the cows i don't really unless it's something to go do with the you know we really don't know what's going on with the microbiota so that will be interesting to see if there's something going on there that's decreasing the intake of these cows or is it a palatability thing i mean i don't really know um what it is okay um is there uh how when would you uh obviously there is an impact on on on micro toxins on the overall production of the cows uh when would you recommend a dairy farmer to include these uh these products into their tmrs what parameter would you use i would actually just because we don't know what effect it really has on those microbes and the overall health i'd be feeding it up in you know when you're feeding your dry cows because sometimes you know dry cows don't get the best part of the diets you know definitely through transition definitely in early lactation personally here at unh we feed a mycotoxin binder year-round to everything except for our baby calves because they're on milk but once our animals go onto a tmr they are getting a mycotoxin binder we do see a lot of mold in our corn silage in some of our hailage just because the weather we have when we're trying to put it in so it was just cheaper for us to add the mycotoxin binders versus you know dealing with the health effects because there is some research that shows and i haven't seen it but some of these you know especially the aflatoxins which luckily we don't have here in the northeast can cause animals to die can cause abortions and things like that so out in california where aflatoxins are a big problem definitely be feeding binders do you do you test a routinely test for the presence of mycotoxins in your in your silages or your feeds that are purchased out we don't test our feeds because that's done by the company that supplies our feeds so they routinely test their feeds we never used to test our hay crop and corn silage but now we'll if we notice that we're having some animals going off feed or so forth we will send it out or if we notice we are seeing you know funky things in the feeds we'll send it out and see what happens okay well great thank you um i uh uh we are a little bit of over uh of the time that we have allotted for for the four presenters uh so what we're going to do now is we're going to uh uh uh essentially see if there are any general questions for all the uh all the presenters in terms of uh the four presentations given today obviously more uh focus on health and the impact of nutrition on health of the of the cows so any any questions uh uh that might be uh coming out from the audience and again you can type your questions otherwise you're old in mute i do have one question uh and this is uh more related to uh to mateos and it's essentially uh does the cow has a requirement for for methionine to make sure that all her needs are met uh to maintain her bioavailability in the herds uh you know so so i mean that's a you know question for you mateos very interesting um yeah we don't feed refining um with a requirement for health and reproduction right i mean that's based on milk protein production right so i think we need a lot of studies uh issue to understand what's the dose and what's the amount of time you need needed for for the cows to optimize all the tree health production reproduction so yeah we don't it's a required nutrient but we still don't know what's the requirement for health and reproduction optimization great thank you uh and and now i'm going to go back to uh to the selenium uh questions um uh is uh right now uh i mean there are there is a lot of uh there are not a lot but there are some information that the cows in transition can benefit uh for uh using selenium a little higher doses of selenium in transition and also uh there is a lot of interaction of uh the uh the availability of selenium uh in the basal diet particularly uh when with depending on the amount of sulfates and so on and so forth uh is anybody working on that or or is that being seen by any of the nutritionists yeah thanks for the question uh so basically to answer to your your first question the fact that we are limited uh in the selenium supplementation this means that we cannot go uh above the the threshold uh certainly by fda or the european community however there is more and more uh result coming from the literature showing that sometimes going ahead of this value you can get some extra benefit in terms of fertility or production for example during a e-stress situation and the fact that with organic selenium we are able to provide selenium italian that can be stored so can create a kind of a selenium pool this is a key point because creating this selenium pool in the body of the animals then the animals when they require more selenium to cope with different oxidative stress or with a higher uh higher requirements in terms of celino protein due to high production or due to specific physiological situation they can start to utilize this selenium that is stored in different issues to fulfill the higher selenium protein and selenium requirement that they have in a specific moment so so uh um so is that it would be uh advisable then for people to uh and i'm pretty sure that people are doing already but uh considering really feeling the importance of feeding selenium then in the transition cows in the pre-fresh cows to a kind of a as you were suggesting build up that amount of helium okay yeah actually you know it's really the the the reasoning behind the organic selenium concept is to feeding the animal creating this kind of a selenium insurance policy in the tissue because selenium itani the part that is not immediately used to fulfill the immediate selenium requirements is not as created as a mineral form but is stored mainly in skeletal muscle and then when animals are facing a specific stress condition as i say related to physiological conditions such as the transition period the the the transition period or due to uh specific environmental challenges such as stress during this uh stressful moment there is also higher protein catabolism so there is some selenium methane that is released from this muscle and can enter again in the transfer in the trans-salination patches uh helping the animal to maintain the synthesis of a dosa in a protein or to increase the synthesis of those cyanoproteins to fulfill the animal requirements another question is uh uh if uh if there is the needs for selenium increase uh is there a direct correlation with the needs for vitamin increased vitamin e um not really i mean of course vitamin e and selenium are both a very important antioxidant they are both working i would say in a in complementarity in the organism because i are both involved in the antioxidant system however i would not say that we need to increase both normally is uh something that we are seeing some other species is that sometimes we can use in the right form of selenium so maximizing the selenium pool in the animal sometimes we can also slightly decrease the the amount of vitamin e because we can with selenium some sereno protein are also involved in the recycling system of the the of the vitamin e so you can actually maintain um how to say maintain the efficacy also of of the vitamin e that is reduced due to the all the uh redox reactions that are happening in the in the body great uh yeah we can learn i know that you have a extensive experience uh with the uh with the other side of uh the uh the the equation here uh not not dirty cows but the monogastric so so i i guess that i was kind of uh trying to pick your brain in terms of uh what our poultry or swine colleagues are doing are they seeing these effects on in health and reproduction when when they feed a more selenium or or or is resistant to heat stress yeah yeah yeah i mean uh there is a you know the organic selenium concept is now very well established particularly in uh in in breeders uh so in breeding animals such as uh poultry breeders or uh in a in swine in south uh and the main benefit of organic selenium are mainly on uh on fertility and or reproduction and now there is more and more uh proof of the fact that using the right form of saline so maximizing this pool of selenium the selenium reservoir in the in the body helps also animals no matter the species of ruminants and monogastric to cope with the external challenges such as one of the main environmental challenges that animals are facing year by year uh is a israelis and uh on that where there is a already a kind a good body of advance of evidence that uh using organic selenium you can really help animals to maintain a better performance i mean it's not something that is improving the the performance of the animal but using organic selenium helps the animal to maintain a better uh performance during extras for example we have an example uh there was a paper that was published in 2018 and in that case was a an external uh research made by some uh researcher that they were not connected by with alicia in that trial they tested the uh so they compared sodium cyanide with salicyl in a estrus model and they saw that uh for the same drop of dramatically intake the cows that were fed with celica they were able to significantly maintain higher meal health during the stress period perfect thank you well i'm glad that you brought back to uh to uh to uh do at the dairy cows uh and i i thank you so for your your answer i mean we need to pick your brain more in terms of uh reaching to your your experience i'm going to go yeah go ahead sorry no and then you i mean it's also something that uh you know on the on the effects in on health of the animals we also see the the the study that nancy just presented in the first presentation where we saw that actually uh using silica at 0.3 bpm we were able to maintain the lowest level of a linear somatic cell count in the in the milk so it's also something that we also see in the field actually when customers are using celica they they are able to maintain a lower uh and long-term uh level of somatic cell counter in the in the milk great thank you well i'm going i'm going back to to to the health issue uh overall and the impact of uh the these different required nutrients uh one more question for matteo's uh essentially uh the um uh you know uh is there do you think that uh uh the the needs for methane can uh increase uh to cover all these uh extra functional needs of methionine for dairy cows to cover for you know to cover i mean to make up for these needs for uh for for them for us as you indicated earlier today we are looking into feeding methane to make up for the milk protein content or meat fat content perhaps but we are never have seen methane as a nutrient that would help the cows to uh stay in the herd but if you can prevent having all these health and reproductive issues shall we feed more methane to cover for those yeah interesting question thanks for the question um yeah we are not sure what's what's the uh the perfect dose of metallic for optimized health and reproduction we know that if your balance diet to optimize protein production and then cows are in a situation of stress you may get some improvements in in the the time that the cows stay in the earth and um and reproduction times pregnancy so this is this is i think the first study we need more studies to confirm that response and also if you if you feed more a few grams more signing if that's going to optimize health and reproduction okay great uh great mateos uh uh yeah i mean uh we there is a there is more that we need to learn and uh for the the impact of uh overall impact of nutrients uh on health and reproduction of the cows that uh we still uh we still a lot of work to do but i think we are uh much past the time that uh we are allowed to uh to the audience to stay with us i i really appreciate everybody uh just again uh we are going to uh have these uh these uh these sessions are recorded um so so if you want to take a look back back and take a look at them they are in fit channel dot online and uh we see you we have two more sessions to go one on thursday and one on friday thank you everybody for sticking around