[Music] I'm going to take a little bit of time today and I'm going to try to expand upon the first two presentations which I thought were very excellent y'all did a wonderful job and I will focus specifically with amino acids and try to make some conclusions based on least-cost formulation we know we have intestinal issues we know we have importance with mucin how can we model how can we calculate how can we change our diets to be ready to predict these situations and feed birds more effectively in doing so I've got a five sections here that I will I'll hit they're they're pretty they're pretty quick and I'll go through these fairly regimental II give a little bit of overview in the United States a review on digestive systems some recent research and then focus on the intestine so that's the that's the outline today so let's start and talk about some trends in the United States this is more of a trend this is a historical projection if you can see this hopefully in the in the back of the room but this is a overview of amino acid use in the United States so we have our methionine which is use in the United States on this line here from the 1960s which follows the poultry consumption in the United States and then we have adoption of lysine threonine and valine with the adaptation of inclusion of the next crystalline amino acid we have a reduction in protein this is just a hypothetical outline of what we see from this use in the United States we don't have the lowest protein diets in the world but we've got pretty low protein diets as a result of the inclusion of these amino acids and the corn soy low density type diets that we feed birds in the United States one of our trends let's just take energy for 15 years we're feeding less energy than we ever have part of this is due to the bird that we're feeding today we get a better bird every year it's more responsive to amino acids more responsive ooh density based on improvements in feet conversion and and down times are much quicker with this bird that we have yes it responds to energy later but as a general trend we're feeding less energy than we ever have in the United States what about digestible lysine we take a fifteen-year response and we're feeding much more digestible lysine and we're doing that based on the bird that we have and we're adjusting these digestible lysine levels with typical profiles that would follow that of an ideal amino acid concept that we're using so this one's interesting this is processing weights dr. Applegate mentioned some of the size Birds that we have if you look at the eight-year trend so we have 2010 versus 2018 three point four to a four point two kilo bird that would be that the big bird type program so that's not all our chickens this would be about 40% of them that we call the big bird type program so this increase is stopped okay why is it stopped it stopped because of myopathies we're not increasing it the right we have why don't we feed a big bird anyway why are we doing that the processing plant shackle doesn't know the difference between a 2 kilo bird and a 4 kilo bird so we're increasing fixed costs over variable costs in our processing plants because we're completely integrated that's why we're doing it and we'll talk about that a little bit later when we talk about uniformity and some of the research we have but we've this is a trend that we have that's a very interesting one the last trend I'll talk about is what we're doing with antimicrobial type feed additives we have a lot of tools the tools work but we as a country and an industry have made voluntary bans sorry voluntary decisions with no banned to feed diets that are basically antimicrobial free so we have trends the United States one is nae never antibiotics ever and we have many companies that are under this so if they they have a situation where they some welfare they need to feed an antimicrobial those birds are routed to a different supply chain and one of the things that we've experienced recently is you know the chick quality chick quality is something that we're having a difficult time with in the United States a 7 day mortality rates and please understand in the nae program we've pulled out everything in the hatcheries as well so that that one will not allow us to use any antimicrobial in during incubation so it's a big challenge and that sets up the presentation for amino acid use in the intestine for the new environment that many of our integrators are experiencing so section 2 is a review it's a review to just think about the digestive dynamics to the previous speakers just kind of an overview on some things that are happening with specific reference to protein so first of all the bird the avian system has a unique ability to immediately drop the pH as the proteins are entering the lumen and when they do enter the lumen we have our endogenous enzymes based on trips and chymotrypsin carboxypeptidase is a and B to take the hydrophilic exposed amino acids and begin to break them down into classes of individual amino acids and die and tripeptides of which are going to enter the unstirred water layer and be absorbed into the intestine so the point on this is first pass first pass is something that has been investigated much more in swine in in terms of numerous laboratories that have evaluated the the first pass intestinal needs it's important in this presentation because we're talking about an intestine that is requiring more amino acids based on the environment of which it exists so first pass is important because this villi environment will utilize everything available to maintain its integrity which completely changes our least-cost formulation outlay if we have challenges that we haven't corrected for in formulation so in this cartoon and I'll show it one more time through the presentation but basically we have our villi with the enterocytes with a goblet cell in the middle another one here peptides coming in amino acids coming in into particular a vascular system however keep in mind that they may never enter the vascular system and some amino acids we can calculate thirty to forty percent use in these systems depending upon the mucus is going to be needed for a glycol Kahless or for the mucus in the uncertain both of which have a tremendously fast half-life and a tremendous pool on the amino acids from absorption or before absorption excuse me so let me back up and talk about some recent research we have to set up formulation in the ideal protein concept this is work that was just completed by a visiting scholar sonia lu from australia some of her colleagues are here she'll be presenting this work at the international poultry scientific forum in february in 2019 so we looked at lysine responses and in doing so we count calculated their responses in a classical type environment whereby we were deficient to be excessive and in doing so there's a number of different diets that you can use I put this slide here just to give us a background of how we can look at some of these amino acids total sulfur's they're pretty easy the first limiting amino acid lysine which we're going to show you can use corn gluten mean because sorry corn gluten meal because it's a perfect ingredient to reduce dietary lysine but the problem is it affects feed intake so I used to use it in the 1990s I don't use it anymore because the lysine responses were so different so what we do is we use peanut meal which is very high in arginine so you can't use it for arginine but you can use it some for lysine being a meal again for threonine valine presents a little bit of an issue because I'll show you a graph that shows it's a fourth Lemony amino acid and there's a little bit of a difficulty in determining its responses you can't get valine that deficient blood cells are beautiful for isoleucine so you can create some beautiful isoleucine works and diets that are pretty practical I know some reasons of the world still use a lot of blood cells and gelatin with tryptophan and arginine really there's not much to look at arginine but the responses vary so much I'll talk about that you can you can see some responses and I'll present some of those so the work that we looked at was pretty intensive for for lysine we had 144 floor pins or we looked at male titration female titration with both positive and negative controls and then we deboned everything we de Beaune all the breasts all the thighs and pretty much all the parts of these birds so these diets are peanut meal based diets we have here you see 10% peanut milk coming in both diets with the low and the high lysine if we come down here to look at the lysine in the diets 0.03 versus 0.38 so a very high inclusion of a lysine with that said diets were blended so in in the low diet we don't have any threonine valine we have no isoleucine either here you see them coming in as we set all ratios of essential amino acids to equal one another and we blended the diets we use two controls because we wanted to show how an industry type diet with no peanut meal where we had about 0.16 which is more relevant to the industry versus a much higher level with peanut meal as a negative control we had no effects of the controls so we validated our responses so I'll show you the nutrients and then I'll show you the responses so these are the the diets that we had in this grow appeared on nutrient availability so if we if we follow lysine here we start at point eight four to just able to 1.29 you see our two controls at one point one protein levels varied from 19 to 22 and here they're at 20% and both the controls so that's the outlay of the the nutrients so these are the responses in the male and the female Birds interestingly we have a higher response for body weight gain in the female bird in terms of a requirement which we don't typically see this she didn't respond as the males did but she has a level here that's higher as opposed to the males contrary to that in fee conversion we see the female bird with a nice response with the lower digestible lysine 1.1 versus over 1.2 for the male response so here 1 point 1 versus 1 point 2 2 so that would mimic past research a little bit closer to what's been done so here we have responses in terms of CV and also abdominal fat so the CV you see with the the male bird is a little bit steeper the reason being is these birds grow faster than females so there's more innate variability that occurs more amino acids based on the lysine and amino acid density is improving that uniformity I think this is important a lot of parts of the world in the United States it's not so important because we're going to use second stage processing to improve our uniformity based on DSi waterjets cutting portions of meat like we need to for retail distribution as opposed to many parts of the world that have to improve uniformity by nutrition so important point there abdominal fat if we look at lysine concentration here with the male is a little bit flatter because females have more whole body fat so slope is a little bit steeper lastly on the yields this is the last slide to show but this is a breast meat yield we see the response to the females is nice but it's a much lower response in the males one versus say over one point two and then if we look at vice for example we see a decrease also here in terms of percent for both males and females we always see this it's a proportion of the bar you can't get something without giving up another thing so we're having more breasts so we get less dark meat yields okay so in summary we look at the females 1.15 on average versus over 1.2 for males 7 8 % higher need for the male which is an agreement with the literature I preface this because it's new research and I want you to think about the ideal protein concept we did this work because it's a new bird in the United States with a cob it's the new MX male on the 500 female everything we have space feather so there's very little research on this bird so we were setting this up to assess this this new cob to see how this would respond now keep in mind when we're looking at ideal protein we've got a pretty good idea on threonine but leandro hackin how her and I set this up these release cost formulation runs we did years ago and we did this just just to think about the fourth limiting amino acid all vegetable based diets valine is going to be right up there when you bring in the meat meals you're gonna have isoleucine and dependent upon the gradients you could be a heavy sorghum based grain versus that of corn or wheat and you're gonna have arginine so you got three key amino acids they're gonna be limiting after threonine and the reason I show this is because we're going to talk about the mucin in just a minute which utilizes all all of those amino acids so the ideal protein concept ratio you have your your amino acids relative to lysine we have a limitation order here and the question is in formulation how do we how do we adjust for environmental stimuli and different things that come into play so let's talk about this fourth section which is the the last big one before I make some conclusions and there's some current research that I'll show but an intestinal versus whole body needs of amino acids relative to an infection or a challenge or a coccidia as dr. Applegate mentioned in his presentation so I go back to this a slide that we show in terms of keep in mind with first-pass needs the intestinal villi based on the unstirred water layer and the membrane associated mucus as well as the mucus that's in the uncertain are going to have first priority period regardless of the situation because they're going to eat obtain these amino acids prior to any absorption that takes place so which amino acids are gonna be primarily in play this is past research that we were looked at threonine this was very intensive research that dr. courser and I worked at at Mississippi State University so we had the dirty in the clean environments and many of you might say well how do you how did you do that you can't have a house of dirty and you can't have a house of clean because when you set up the experiments you have no replication so what you do is you have to do it in one house so we basically went into the pins and we staple plastic around the pins so the birds could not pick across and in these types of pins and then we inserted either clean unused shavings or shavings from built up flocks and that's how we did in the research in doing so we saw responses that were much higher for birds for responding to threonine and dirty environments we hypothesized five six seven eight percent more but in reality you can't make that conclusion because it's a linear response so in the dirty environment the birds kept responding to threonine okay let's look at breast meat yield this is the the pectoralis major this is the response relative to the weight of the the live bird and if you look at the if you look at the response here in the dirty environment the bird keeps responding to threonine so why why the response to threonine first of all you have a mucous bleh okay so you need more threonine and the reason you see it in breast there's nothing responsive impressed me regarding threonine this is an ideal protein live Pig barrel type response okay three Andy's in it's important for maintenance lysine is not lysine and is the first limiting amino acid before threonine so if you have deficient threonine:lysine efficiency ratio is reduced that's all we're seeing here this is a lysine response even though we're looking at three mean okay so this is this is the the classic light thick barrel effect that actually shows the response okay the second point about this is the bird does not stop responding to threonine okay very important if you're in a situation in parts of Asia where you have birds on wire okay this is a this is a moneymaker do you need point six five point six seven to jest well threonine:lysine ratio maybe you need 61 62 63 you really need to investigate it because that's a point of either making money or losing money okay in dirty environments 68 69 70 I don't know if you need that much but this shows the fact that it really responds so it's very interesting also work at Scott Hearst by star she looked at 308 males and showed a very similar response of increasing threonine on a controlled in fact we just used dirty litter she used a sub-therapeutic clostridia to create a not necrotic in her itis response and saw a nice increase in terms of threonine need so I pulled this from a past review that Brian Kerr and I wrote just to think about catabolism of threonine through gluconeogenic pathways threonine primarily is going to be metabolized in the outer lace and the dehydrogenase pathways and poultry both going to glycine so when we think about mucin and we think about threonine it's important to understand that the catabolism of threonine is going to be supplying glycine of which serine and glycine are going to be interchangeable in the role for mucin so all three amino acids very very important in terms of mucin so let's move to the fourth limiting amino acid and this is a slide it's a scatter plot that I took from a previous presentation of valine and this is looking at just male broilers all the data is published and the literature that I could find and this is over the age of the birds as a ratio to lysine so if we look here in the 70s and we show that also one important point it increases right the amino acid requirement increases as the bird ages do we think about it that way we should for these amino acids that are involved in mucin why because we expressed some relative to lysine and lysine has no maintenance requirement it's all for protein synthesis so as we express these amino acids relative to lysine they're all going to increase with age think about it threonine at 63-64 you increase it as a bird ages the same with valine the same with isoleucine the reason is is because I'm usin okay so that's one point but we see some variability here I won't go through this in this presentation but we have work in female broilers that we have a lot of variability in fact so much variability we're doing more work in it before you present it to make sure we're not presenting it wrong because we want to make sure when we we present this work we're covering the the responses right but we're seeing some variability but in terms of males why can this variability exist it's important to note the branch chain amino acid responses from you seen this is through the alpha key to glue the right pathway much of this the the reason I made this slide much of this information I got from sitting down with dr. ed Moran having a few beverages with them and going through pathways and talking about mucin and mucin needs but basically isoleucine leucine and valine all through the alpha ketoglutarate pathway are going to make glutamine which is going to enter the blood back to the inner site for mucin so very important with these branch chain amino acids so in the in the low protein type diets we have the all vegetable base where you're going to have valine potentially is fourth limiting when you bring in the meat meals you're going to buy so leucine is fourth limiting these are going to be pressure points and least cost formulations so that's where the money is at and that you're going to be tempted to decrease these levels okay they're very important mucin so it's a very interesting concept the other one that we have not talked about in the last one very important that want to cover is arginine this is a review that I wrote many years ago but there's some work in this review that's buried and it never got published anywhere else we we looked at arginine in coxy responses where we we received some coxy from the east coast of the United States it was a survey lino Intan Ella and Maxima mixture and we we give these we gave birds coccidia and we looked at responses to arginine I'll just show one effect this isn't livability and I show this because you we've never really been able to show an effect like this in a four pin type trial but we show showed an improvement to arginine in the livability of the birds in a coccidia based challenged environment body weight gained fluctuated a little bit so that the point is is you have a response here because it's flat and then you see this okay this goes back to to work if I can refer back to the group from Australia that there bout I have did years ago with with arginine one of the one of the issues is when you look at these levels here how do you get it well what you don't I mean if you feed peanut meal you might be able to get this in a diet you could feed L arginine but in reality the only way practically you're going to get this as higher levels of soybean meal that increase the entire diet density of amino acids so it's not practical so we're we basically don't go over 1.07 1.08 with an arginine or lysine right show you because there's just no other way to get it so something to think about but based on the effects of arginine on mucin but also something that practically it's it's hard to get to so in terms of these amino acids for both the mucin and the uncertain and then the membrane mucous we have third limiting and also serine and glycine which catabolized from third limiting fourth limiting potentially forth limiting potentially forth limiting and then leucine which is an uninvestigated wild card that we need to know more about we have a research trial that we're starting we just receiving eggs this week and then from those eggs will hatch chicks and we have a box bacon design where we're looking at valine leucine and isoleucine with 13 randomized treatments this is something that dr. Sanyal is doing at the University of Arkansas and hopefully we're going to get a better handle on these branch chain amino acid responses so I put up a hypothetical model to think about this model is kind of radical but basically when you have your ideal protein concept be prepared in certain environments in reality to have something like this so even though you think you're paying for this you're getting this because of the high demand in the intestinal epithelial based on the environment so this is a this is a situation of profit as what we're looking at here based on formulation and how do we set up the formulation to predict the responses that we're gonna have in the birds so lastly I'll have a couple of slides on some current research and then I'll make I'll stop so Marcus I'm glad you showed your research on the microbiome because I won't but I want to let the audience know what we're doing we have a large investigation of microbiome and I know it's complex but we're working with dr. jung-min Kwan's lab and basically what we're doing is we're setting up studies where we have controls and then we reduce the protein corn soy based diets and then we come in with more amino acids on a surface level so this would be more adequate this is more practical and this is also practical so basically we're only looking at corn soy ratios moving with crystalline amino acids coming in the diet and then we have multiple experiments go on at once so we'll hatch eggs safe four thousand five thousand we'll get chicks will sex them so we'll have siblings placed male-female it's across the farm and we have different experiments and are pulling samples of just positive control negative control sir fat diets three different so being very very practical to pull these microbiomes to look at what's happening professor Kwan and past has collaborated this is what the Hargis lab where they're looking at a necrotic enteritis and they have different microbiome platforms versus this collaboration with dr. Wiedeman where they're looking at the the broilers on the floor model where they have lameness they're inducing that they're looking at microbiome and now we've set up a series of experiments to work with him to look at the different amino acid density basically for microbiome I thought we'd have that data here Andre and then I found out when they were in the lab how difficult it was to get everything so forthcoming maybe in some advance here in the future okay so what I want to finish on is just to say with the formulation models that we have we have the third limiting the fourth limiting the co fourth limiting and fifth limiting amino acids these are pressure points and least cost formulation these are you're going to be tempted to move these amino acids based on ingredients you're using and the cost associated with maintaining the minimums but these are on the front line of defense for the bird so it's so important to understand the situation the bird is going through to be able to model or predict how the formulation can be set up for the environment you're in at the same time in certain situations where you know you don't have stress there's an awful lot of money that can be made by lowering the amino acid minimums as well and I'm gonna finish with with that so thank you thank you very much for your presentation and I think due to the time we you maybe just won your engines in charge I'm going to do one then so let's start with the top maybe because it has to should we reconsider our geni recommendations and modulate a chord in the rearing conditions I think yes yes we need to look more at arginine keep in mind one of the problems with arginine is titrating it it's hard to do so I wouldn't worry about titrating it I would just formulate a lower level of art arginine which in a practical diet you can probably get down to point nine five nine six there's a ratio to lysine and then you can add L arginine for example and get back to where you practically would be at 105 to 110 max but then say okay 115 120 with L arginine how is this going to affect different rearing conditions I think it's very important to look at especially in different environments around the world and reassess that response in your condition so yes okay thank you very much short answer yeah gives us some more time I think we move on move on thank you [Music]