[Music] so I'm not gonna give you actually I don't expect too much of an answer but hopefully I'll provoke some thoughts about as to how we use enzymes or how we actually use different feeding strategy or strategies in the topics to make enzymes look better so I'm going to cover very quickly I ate actually at five different topics and I took two of them off just a few minutes ago because we are running short of time and I'm responsible a part of that delay evolution of feed enzymes so we have NSP non-slip polysaccharide indication some phytase and proteases so I'm talking about there's two different three different enzymes in terms of the NSP enzymes first we start to use enzymes and viscous grains the viscous grains are why is a prime example but the main grain is wheat so many parts of the world use wheat wheat contains soluble non-starch polysaccharides predominantly in a form of arabinose islands so this is one of the viscous grains then we have barley barley contains almost equal amounts of soluble arabinose Ahlan and soluble 131 for beta glucans so two different types of soluble non c'è polysaccharide and barley oats also contain quite a bit of soluble nonstic polysaccharide that's again a ravenous Islands as well as beta glucans but oats are not very much used in feed so wheat and barley then we talked about okay we're going to have non viscous grains because if we just focus on using enzymes they in some market would be constrained to those parts of the world they'd use physics grains so we have to come up with more enzymes different types of enzymes to cover non-viscous brains like corn many parts of their was will use corns so we added non viscous grease cereals grains then that okay can enzymes work on vegetable protein like soybean meal and canola meal so those are the feed enzymes in a very quick snapshot so first one is viscosity reduction so this viscous grains when they come to non viscous grains you're looking at opening up the cell walls so that some of the nutrients in closed or caged it in inner cell walls may be released and exposed to endogenous enzymes in endogenous conditions so you can then vetted vegetal proteins there's quite a big challenge today we have not been able to make a lot of inroads into degrading the practic polysaccharides preserves presence and vegetable proteins so there are a lot of competitive production various fight aces and proteases it's very widespread using for example if you look at 5,000 protease so I just talked about the carbohydrates then protease is now has been introduced in people are using them so how do they actually work but I'm not going to cover all of this Austin subject and it's a particular talk so in summary of this quick summary of enzymes is continuous improvements have been made the yield of enzymes are very very high now the stabilities is better an activities greater so those are the feed enzymes very widespread use and when i started research in feed enzyme usage you're looking at about thirty five forty dollars additional cost per ton of feed and a lot of people used to joke about it when i was talking about enzymes and ah i'll look at that came up and still talking about the poopoo dust so they trust the name but now feed enzymes are part of today's feed formulation there's no doubt about it now would that differentially affect performance under hot conditions can enzymes alone be used to alleviate part of the burdens imposed on braless and layers by hot conditions so that's a very big question and I've been thinking about it and I really been scratching my head more than actually coming up with answers so there's one of the things that I would like to talk about today is intermittent feeding in conduction of the enzymes this is not a new concept but it's can be used this an idea that could actually improve feeding braless or layers under heat conditions heat dissipation is a key challenge for feeding braless and topics and we heard what dr. fairy's talk this morning and the spikes of heat stress associated changes mortality or digestibility or feed intake job the key is used low feed intake when birds are very hot gasping for air the last thing it wants to do is to eat more without eating more it will not grow without eating or taking the appropriate amounts of nutrients they are more vulnerable their gut systems will be more vulnerable to diseases subclinical infections and all the other issues associated with it they are already vulnerable on top of that if nutrients are not adequately supplied there will be even more vulnerable now you also heard that by countries like Indonesia just said you are not going to use a GP anymore you are not going to use sub therapeutic level of antibiotic antibiotics in feed take it out so this is a huge tool that is going to be missing from the industry is that that's the huge tool that used to mask hold heaps of issues that could surface especially not in the tropics in the future so that's the challenge that's one of the challenges and I was talking about in the morning and in our particular feed industry we are going to face and we need to face it we need to embrace it and we need to change it but how well thinking nothing is going to beat a thinking mind I think there is the there is the approach thus changing feeding regime but might take full use full advantage of the enzymes so what am I talking about here so if you look at the jungle red junglefowl is coming from this area the gray jungle filed on rich angle fall is coming out of this part of the world in a pie this is hot humid and in the tropics so this the ancestor of today's chicken how did they eat when it's very hot the rest sitting under a tree she's sitting in the shade the you were not scavenging they are not eating when it cools down and they start to eat and nibble and eat but what happened today is that we have turned it completely upside down we give them 18 hours of continuous feeding and stimulated by continuous lighting and sometimes 23 hours of lighting in one hour darkness because the idea is to let them eat as much as they could so that they will grow and converse to feed efficiently this is an interesting picture one of my students and looked at it in pitch dark with infrared camera same thermal camera some birds actually eat during pitch darkness not all of them some of them very few of them and it's an interesting when I agree at the beginning I actually denied it when she said you know somebody's actually eat during the night I said no no it's too dark thank you well I'm gonna demonstrate it to you and look at this little bugger it's 8 was eating right in the middle of the night it's complete pitch darkness it's just a little Side Story rotation of feed and a crop and scavenging very commercial votes so I just wanted to show you some data the every dry meta content in a crop of a rural scavenging Birds it's 17 and a short range ladies in the 17 grams long range seasons 12 grams and adults about 20 over 20 grams of feed is stored in a crop crop is something we've forget about today in a commercial birds but if you look at the modern bird ad libitum fed 31 dials braless with different amount of feed and dry matter so 10 at 5 grams of feed at the beginning then at the end the amount of feed jobs there's hardly any feed left and a few minutes later so the curve as an organ storage Organists already lost his function so if you look at this gut pH and digest the retention time for an enzyme activities so you look at a crop the pH here in these particular ones is the crop holding was only 12 minutes pH four point three to five point nine and prevent Ricinus 37 minutes here and pH drop down one point six and then coming in a small intestine 87 minutes pH is six and six point one then you come to jejunum six point five is going up 80 minutes then it comes to seeker at six point five point nine six point nine so six point four on average and a cloaca and it's at the chicken is an extremely few shinned animals so within 270 minutes the birds a totally starch based diet can be digested by the bird however when the under tremendous stress we are really pushing them very hard so he free actually feed them the way that they were fed and they grow up you know in nature adapted in nature we may be able to actually change the way that tropical poultry production it's done so modified feed retention a forgot so the idea is that we want to manipulate the birds and get them hold a lot of feed in a crop from the foregut so that it'll be conditioned the asset will be better you know the pH will be lower and digestibility will be higher so actual pH of the feeb and a crowd lighting management the period of time that can also help help the gizzard holding a sari crop holding and presence of physical components in the diet like whole cereal or fiber that can also encourage is it holding and particle size cause of particle size is also very important so there are a number of strategies that can increase forgot holding but in this particular trial we looked at intermittent lighting and how it actually still it is it holding so we had 624 Ross 308 male chicks today 0 234 6 replicates of 13 birds each wrap is a 2 by 2 by design so lighting programs continuous burst intermittent lighting and we had ends on phytase and Xylo nays is a wheat soy diet so three-phase commercial type feeding so the lighting program this the continues 18 hours light in the six hours darkness the intermittent feeding as you can see is one hour light and three hour darkness one hour light 3 I'll talk in one out 1/3 1/3 1/3 and right at the end is two hours light and six hour darkness well we were a bit lazy you know didn't want to sit there and switching a light up during the night so just conveniently made it eight hours at the end so I just wanted to run through these a lot of data in this so if you look at these lighting programs continuous or intermittent feedings the continuous feeding was higher in weight gain so day 25 it's one nearly one point three kilos so it's very very high and it's roughly takes about four days before the birds start to hold on lot of feet in a crop so it's not immediate it takes a bit of time for days to seven days to actually get used to their regime so if you look at feed conversion ratio look at this one point three seven one versus one point three nine zero so it's roughly two conversion points of feed it's saved so 20 grams of feed per kilo and live weight and there's a lot of money around the world somebody estimated that that it's about a billion dollar savings if it's realized on every bird raised on the on the planet so it's not a small amount of money you're looking at phytase supplementation as supplemented versus non supplemented okay you expect that and feed conversion it's not significant but you can see the trend hollandaise it's again as you expected so the birds were fit instead of 16 18 hours slice six hours stock is actually 16 hours dark now 18 hours dark and six hours lights completely inverted yet those birds were able to convert more efficiently and the enzymes were significant in their sense as well and if you look at the gut pH that tells you the story here so the crop pH lighting from intermittent feeding from 5.0 9.2 four point eight one that is a massive job so what is that telling you is that chicken the chickens thought to hold a lot of digester for a longer period of time so fermentation in the crop started to occur at a much larger much quicker you know phase so that means that if you exclu is possible this is high pollicis so if you have high fiber load to feed and if the birds keep them in a crawl for a long long long along in a longer period of time and you could increase their disability could produce in an in situ probiotics prebiotics even by the natural fermentation pattern itself and as you can see here ok phytase didn't have any effect on pH but so lynnae's again is reduced it and gizzard pH with solenoids three point five seven to three point one eight stroked again it's a massive job pH so what does it tell you it tells you that when you give sila nice to birds and they start to produce more small fragments of carbohydrates that i'm turn fermented by the animal to produce volatile fatty acids and we all heard about the prebiotic effects of xylitol ago saccharides produce in situ so in summary so intermittent feeding produced lower weight but better feed conversion we've also done some more work now that lower weight can be compensated as you put the birds up to forty in a forty days thirty five to forty two days and at the end the weight gain actually catch up so the birds adaptability increases and better enzyme efficacy under intermittent feeding lower ph and lower also here to it solid ice so these are some of the strategies that we could use to enhance the use of feed additives of in combination feeding strategies to deal with mistress so you can read that thank you thank you very much Ming and I'm pretty sure there will be questions coming up well the first one is already quite a challenging one I think what are the most effective enzymes to use in broilers as well as in breeders to overcome the heat stress and its needs and it and it needs also viable in costing effective and cost effective any comments on that mingi it's an incredibly tough question obviously so do not take this I have no experimental evidence but I'll high politics here so for example net energy is affected by the type of nutrients remaining in a gut so proteins are the most expensive nutrient in terms of energy cost Laden affinity so if we formulate diets in a way that with for instant protease reduces the remnants of proteins in the gut that may reduce heat heat increment so net utilization of energy under heat stress environment might be you know might be increased but again I stress that I don't have evidence this is hypothesis I think the next one is is very interesting is there any difference between pelleted feed versus mass feed with respect to retention in the crop mass feed is retained more I think and there has been some work in that area then we come to well I don't know about the about this one what should be the standards oh and his piece versus single-cell protein no I don't think we should pick that money what should be the standard energy and protein ratio to overcome heat stress that's a tough one is wildlife standard energy in protein ratio no I don't know sorry right very interesting question I think it will probably be discussed during our workshop next formulating under his stress conditions because protein giving you a figure on protein will be totally misleading because different amino acids will work differently so energy to amino acid ratio sandwich amino acid and watch ratio so that's the question you're trying to ask and therefore I'm saying no to it because if I give you a ratio to protein to energy and it's not not good for anybody right well thank you very much mingun I think it was a very very useful overview with respect to enzymes thanks thanks again thank you [Music]