[Music] so we're gonna be talking around something called the transition period right and it's not something new it's something at least more than 20 years old right so in 1999 dr. drake lee here from our department at the university of illinois published this paper talking about hey this is the final frontier three weeks before cave-in three weeks after calving that's where cows have most of the problems and look at all this livery being impacted by the transition period a lot of ketosis all this and for 20 years we've been talking about it then we are still talking about if I go to the June of their science and search for the title of papers with transition period I'll find 378 papers today and this paper alone was cited more than eight hundred and eighty times so you see it's a topic is it still relevant but it seems like we didn't go over the final frontier yet right and why is that why we keep talking about it right and I here I'm gonna do a they are Koopa with the scientific world as well but if we go back a little bit and we try to go to the farm and understand what is that and we looked at this gal that just kept and we asked the farmer the manager deployed a nutritionist they student anybody all over the place when I ask this question everybody gets the same to the same answer what do we want from this cow well they want that cow to be healthy not having healthy disorders to have a lot of milk and also to get pregnant because everybody knows in all levels that this will cause more profit to that farmer to that business right so that's the things that we should achieve and that's where I come that we should provide you with any strategy nutritional strategy in this case here that I'm talking about that we accomplished this three thanks so anything we do can we improve health production and reproduction at the same time and also try to learn and generate some data to make sure that you're getting that with the strategy so I think that's a more holistic approach and that's the approach that I think we should be taking from now on right that we have a lot of technology there are better ways to communicate than maybe twenty years ago right so the way I see it is this TMR right or this come with this feed to the cow as a prescription so the same way when we get sick we go to the doctor and we get a prescription for Mads to get better why not the opposite why don't we have a prescription for our diet where we know that we are eating the right amount of carbs the right amount of fat the right amount of protein so we can delay that visit to the doctor right and bring the same concept from us I can bring to the couch what are the ingredients that I need to have in that TMR in the feed of that cow in her diet that we allow her to be healthy to produce a lot of milk and also to get pregnant as soon as possible because that's again that's what you want that's what we want from that cow so one thing that we are aware of is that reproduction is important and like I said it's involved in the profitability of the business but if we see here that's an opportunity that we have here to plug in the numbers here is a website from the University of Wisconsin dr. Victor Cabarrus group and you can plug in the numbers from your farm how much does it cost to raise your animals milk prices everything you can plug in there and it's gonna tell you according to your prayer eight how much money you're making per cow per year right so that allows you to understand that if you go from 20 percent preggers aids to 30 percent preggers 8 you can increase in more than 50 or 80 dollars you income per cow as you multiply by the number of third cows that's a big a big number that can add up so you can relate maybe in a better level with the farmer because you can plug in their numbers right but reproduction is associated with the income at the farm one thing that also we talk about and maybe we are not very cognizant because depending on our reproductive strategy but embryonic laws is something that dr. Santos actually he put a very nice paper together and what he's seen here is put a bunch of trials together a lot of cows and they palpated cows around 30 days and then they palpated the cows again around 45 days so to practice and here you have the days the difference between those two days and here's the pregnancy law so there was a typical pregnancy loss from anywhere from 10 to 20 percent so losing pregnancies between 10 and 20 percent is typical I'm not gonna say it's normal because I'm gonna tell you throughout this presentation that we have a way to impact that but again it's typical from 10 to 20 percent I'll get back to this concept in the end right and from the grouper University of Florida dr. DeVries what he was talking Alberto say if you lose a pregnancy in that first month you'd be losing anywhere between a hundred and fifty to three hundred and sixty dollars so typically we are gonna be losing ten to twenty percent and each one of those pregnancies that's how much it's gonna cost us so it has another huge economic impact losing that pregnancy another point before or for us to get that cow pregnant the first step is that cow needs to ovulate and generate a new site that then we breed and with the same in the spermatozoa and everything is going to happen right but it's important to note and we don't know exactly the number but that follicle needs at least a hundred to 90 days to grow so actually the follicle or the heat that the cow is having in the year breeding after the voluntary waiting period around 70 60 days after calving actually that follicle that all sides that you guys are breeding it started to grow around 90 to 100 days before so that means that during the pre parem that follicle is already growing and you can think about it all the environment of that follicle growing throughout the transition period may impact that follicle right so another point that I'm gonna make that all that diet all those nutritional strategies before calving they gonna stay have an impact on that primordial follicle that may reflect something in the future like 60 70 days after when you guys are gonna be wanting to breed that cow okay but to get that cow pregnant I know it's not an easy job there's a lot of synchronization a lot of management to be done to get those cows pregnant but actually the rules are seven factors to get that cow player pregnant and I'm gonna be discussing with you three of them at least so I'm going to talk about uterine the uterine environment after calving and how does that can impact report the pregnancy we're going to talk about evolution and fertilization so of the quality of their own site how is that impacted by nutrition and I also gonna talk about this inter fairly tall here that's pretty much the signal that it's gonna come from the cells from the embryo to the cow to say to the cow hey you are pregnant don't come in heat again so if you think about it we breed the cow and if she's not pregnant usually by 21 23 days after calving she's gonna be sorry after breed she's gonna be cycling again but something that needs to happen to tell the cock-eyed don't psych again because there is a name Brio there in its you're pregnant and who does that is interferon tau so different tau communicates with the uterine environment with the endometrium and that releases some some pathways and some cytokines that then are gonna tell the uterus not to produce some of those prostaglandin like after alpha or the luteal Isis to break down that CL from the ovary that's gonna be responsible for maintaining the pregnancy so those factors are going to be impacted by interferon tau so in different ow it's very important for that pregnancy recognition and also for the development of that embryo so that's why sometimes at the farm cows may come in heat around 30 days and not exactly 23 probably that cow she had an embryo there but maybe the signaling was not good enough and the abro couldn't survive and then that's why you have this kind of irregular type of heat that actually some software's like dairy can't be siddhart they can tell you all the cows that are doing that so you can check for some health status but my point also being here is that the size of the embryo okay on that day 14 to 18 the size of the embryo is associated with how much interference now is going to be produced by the embryo so if the embryo is bigger it's gonna send more signaling to the endometrium to keep that embryo and then to go on with pregnancy okay so our gonna go back to this concept in the end as well but the bigger the embryo more interferon tau more a better environment to keep that embryo and that cow pregnant so what is the right diet there are a lot of things that we believe should be part of that prepartum diet right there are many strategies that we can use right and when I highlight this review paper that we and co-authors put out recently and we are discussing that and if you want to learn more about it I have a chat where we recorded a YouTube video so it's gonna go up tomorrow so go to social media and if you want to see a chat about this paper and other strategies feel free to jump in tomorrow to that that YouTube video but those are all the things that we're gonna be talking on that paper but today I want to focus on this crude protein topic here okay we're talking about amino acids right the other speakers they did a pretty good job saying hey you know what this crude protein I don't think it's a good thing I think we should be moving to understanding better what are the amino acids in the diet of the cow and not so much crude protein right and they gave some reasons and I'm gonna give one more I'm not gonna explore this topic and I think dr. Rosario did a pretty good job talking about all the components of the crude protein that can explain so you can go back there but I want to show you one graph here generated from a research from dr. Clark here in our department and at the time he's a student in Osseo and what they're what I take home from this graph here is two things one thing is that if we just take a diet for example at 18% crude protein you can see that there are cows producing let's say 23 kilos of nuke per day that would be roughly 46 pounds but you have also cows producing 45 pounds that is almost not or that it means roughly 90 pounds of milk so have a difference from 46 to 90 pounds of milk per day with the same crude protein the other point that I take is that cows with for example we can use here 20 25 kilos or 50 pounds of milk per day you have cows eating a diet of 12% protein but also 24% crude protein so crude protein really doesn't seem to be the best predictor of performance in cows and again other speakers they talk about why is that right but I want to touch base with you on hey why feeding a lot of crude protein is not a good idea for dairy cows right does that have any impact on reproduction having that extra nitrogen and there's a very nice paper saying that yes if you have a lot of nitrogen circulating the cow and here they are measuring by the muki area nitrogen mu n that will negatively affect the breeding or the pregnancy to that first breeding of your cows but they didn't find that effect in the other breedings and they had in this there was a DHI data set right so more than 10,000 cows what they started out so there is impact or an influence of the milk production or potential for those council for example cows that were producing a lot of milk 50 kilos or 113 pounds if they had 20 mu n that would mean a conception rate of roughly 35 percent now other cows they were producing less milk let's say 25 kilos or 56 pounds they had increased conception rate so we have to think about it that any when is a concentration of nitrogen per this liter of milk right so assuming two cows they have roughly the same size liver probably the same size and other organs you can see that the cow producing more milk will have more nitrogen circulating through the tissues and that impacts specifically the eaters negatively the conception of that of that amber of that pregnancy right so there is a problem with conception and conception rates so if we are talking about cows that have very low new production where we should be in that anyway nor that recycling nitrogen that's gonna be different but I think on all those that question I think dr. Van Amburg he did a pretty good job in the other web nursing is talking about that right so go back to that presentation you can understand a little bit better so as others suggested dr. Schwab dr. Van Amburg oh sorry assay crude protein is not a good idea and my analogy is just like trying to drive a car look into the side rear mirror right so we can't move forward if we are looking backward so we need to move to a way where we're looking to the road we know our amino acids and we don't need to count and crude protein right so that's kind of one of the goals after we go through this coverage situation that we can all jump in a car and drive through the highway one in California and in a beautiful day beautiful view but until then let's focus again on protein and amino acids so we go to this concept of metabolizable protein again dr. Rosario did a good job telling you guys where is this coming from and we would recommend 1200 grams 1.2 kilos in that dry Cal diet pre fresh or the whole period we can talk about that in DN as well but most importantly we want to know that the profile of that protein past the two main limiting amino acids for dairy karo methionine and lysine at least in our area here we know since 2001 so that's roughly nineteen years ago we already know that those two amino acids are the most limiting ones okay for reasons of milk and microbial protein not being sufficient dr. Schwab did a pretty good job explaining why those two are the main limiting so go back to his webinar right but and also don't get to peek about the 1,200 grams there's some research talking about 1300 grams but it's on that ballpark right and models are gonna impact that so I'm talking about amts here the same order that Van Amburg was talking about in the webinar series if you go to other models that can be little bit different but we are not talking about 800 grams like energy 2001 was referring and we can go back that into that in the end if you guys want to chat about it so with that said we had a question about hey this those amino acids can they be impactful in the pregnancy of dairy cow or more specifically embryonic losses so one thing that it shows that pretty well I think in a more older paper is they were trying to grow rat embryos and they were trying to do that in vitro and the way they are doing that is that they are checking if those Amber's are growing well or not they call abnormal so they do that in a petri dish and then they add calcium that has some minerals vitamins amino acids all there but they don't add anything else this is how much chamber protein how much the amber grew and the percentage of abnormal embryos so you can see here in this case a hundred percent of those embryos were abnormal now they added amino acids and vitamins and you can see that now all the embryos are ok everything is good right zero percent abnormal they kept playing with it and say ok let's just add amino acids everything good they had only vitamins nope it went back to everybody every rat Dendrobium normal then they add all the amino acids without me finding a hundred percent abnormal so you know where I'm gonna get with this is that if I add methionine or every time I add me finding to that media they had all good the embryos so that highlighted me finding must be important too it is important in this case for rat embryos to the formation of those Amber's to be normal so we asked is that would that be the case in cows as well so we did this work here it's published out there so you're gonna see a lot of papers throughout my present and I'm gonna do some of the highlights and I'm to take home acids from it but if you want the real details from each one feel free to contact me contact the ad sale folks and they can provide you those resources and those references for you to dig in and learn more about it okay feel free to to do so so the way we approach that we had 72 cows Moo tippers cows and we had three diets so we had a pre fresh close-up diet then we have early lactation or recall of fresh cow diet and then we had a high carb diet that went from 31 days in milk until 72 days so what we did was we went through those cows through the transition period and by the day 70 to 73 we flushed amber's from those cows so we could have some assessment already telling you that but we had four treatments so we had cows receiving as a top dress room and protected Matheny we have other group of cows receiving cumin protective choline another group mixing those two and then we had a control group right so the many effects that we solve this trial was pretty much the methane in in control so I'm gonna focus on those two treatments mostly of the presentation so here is the diet to show you so there's nothing special here that I want to highlight but you can see it's a control energy diet so we use a little bit of straw we keep in using it to make sure we have that nice and the F transition not so much of a big change but it's just a normal Midwestern diet nothing too special here right but as soon as those cows calves and here have my farm PhD students dr. G agua Costa former MSE student Cassandra what they're doing here is starting on day seven is to palpate that cow to check when the first follicle from that cow would ovulate so that what we did with half of the cows the other half of the cows what we did is as soon as they reach that first follicular wave that follicle reach to 60 millimetres they went there Pierre with this equipment and they were able to aspirate the follicle fluid but also some of the cells involved in that follicle right why 16 millimeters that's kind of the average for a Hosting too awfully so we decided okay let's fix this size and then we aspirate all those cows and getting a little bit deeper here this is what it is a follicle in a cow right so if you go with the ultrasound in your left that's the picture that you see several follicles there but it's pretty much two types of cells this granulosa and teeka cells and they are going to nourish this whole site and here you have this fluid so you can see that with time that follicle grows until it oscillates and what's growing is the amount of that fluid that is being fulfilled by those cells right and if we go deep inside those cells those are all the pathways and I'm not gonna get too complicated here but I'm gonna highlight that actually for some of those hormones to be impactful they are they are being derived from cholesterol so here I start talking about lipids being Porton in and precursors off some of those [ __ ] hormones like you may be aware of like estradiol right so estradiol in the follicular fluid that's the one that is going to be responsible for the cow showing all those signs of estrus as soon as that cow oscillates and there is not the presence of that fluid then the cow is not showing the astros anymore right so that's what we can evaluate by looking at some of those enzymes in the pathway to see if that's being impacted or not by the methionine in the diet by providing remain protected Metheny and when you look to some of those genes what we can see is that that specific gene responsible for getting or in the pathway to get estradiol we start the follicle you see that those two treatments with methane in you have a higher expression of that enzyme what could see we could mean that those cows are getting a better are doing a better job in transferring that estradiol to the fluid follicular fluid and we know that there is some association between for example the size of the follicular fluid and sorry the size of the follicle and the chances of that cow getting pregnant by associating with other research right so either way we know that room protected Metheny is impacting on how those enzymes can do the job of transferring or converting that whole cholesterol ending up in the out final product like estradiol when you look into we look into the follicular fluid itself right cows that received methionine or cows that did not receive my fining you can see that the cows receiving the fining within the follicular fluid they had a higher concentration of methane in itself so it's showing up inside that follicular fluid no difference for lysine in a tendency for histidine to be higher and that's can be a conversation for the end or another chat on why other amino acids now start to becoming a tendency to be limiting right but that's what we saw in the follicular fluid and we also measure the amount or concentration of that refining in the serum or in the blood of those cows right so you can see that the control cows they never went up 25 micromolar however the cows that were provided the rumen protected Matheny they were all the time over 25 and it's very hard for us first to generate this data sees every sample in our world here it costs around $100 so it's very expensive but I think here we have a pretty good picture from pre param2 breeding on the concentration and you can see that consistently if we provide room and protect and defining that's gonna show up in blood and brings us back to saying probably I should have this cows all the time over 20 or even 25 we don't know that because I'm gonna show you when we have that all the benefits and all the impact throughout this presentation right so that's something very interesting there are some other papers where they try to play with the concentration of meth I mean in the media of growing Ambrose I was done by dr. Lucini banila in the pure Henson's lab a few years ago and there was clear a concentration that was needed for that embryo to grow so try to relate a little bit here but we don't have a lot of information and requirements usually they are not done by how much or the blood concentration right so how about the eaters of that cow I told you that I was going to talk about a little bit uterine environment and again we have another paper you guys can reach out to that but what we did was we get pretty much a AI gun but we had a popper smear brush inside that gun and we can go to the body of the uterus where usually you breed your cow and we collect cells from that part of the uterus and then through a smear in a slide we can count the number of inflammatory cells on that sample and here is the neutrophil with this shape here the poly mode for nuclear that's why we call for short pmn but that's your inflammatory cells and that's the gold standard to determine endometritis right and what we found was that cows that consumed room protected methane in at day 15 they had a higher concentration of PM n than cows in control however at 30 and 73 days that change okay so I just told you that hey this is the gold standard for endometritis so that means that having a lot of pmn is bad and having low pmn is good and I come back and tell you yes and know at the same time and here I want to make also the point that inflammation being good or bad in my perspective we need to put in place where the cow is in that lactation right or in the period of her life in what stage because think with me here at 15 days in milk that cow has a uterus that is steel in involution so she need a lot of power for cell regeneration the endometrial and then in the metrium and everything else needs to recover to be get to get ready for be pregnant again so at 15 days in milk i do want all the pmn is possible to go to the uterus of the cow and make sure that regeneration happens and that involution right however I don't want that happening at 73 days in milk when I'm trying to breed that cow because the high amount of pmn or inflammatory cells can interfere with the communication between the oocyte and the spermatozoa right so actually that's kind of a big problem in mares where sometimes they have to do some treatment in the mayor because she reacts too much to the semen or to the dilute end of that semen and that becomes like inflammation inflammation inflammatory response and then you don't have the pregnancy developing so that's something actually that we have precise and seems to be happening here but if we go back and is a very nice paper by dr. LeBlanc from the University of Guelph and he spoke at this the infertility conference in 2014 in Ireland and what he's saying hypothesizing is this hey you know what the healthy cows and he has here uterine inflammation right the PM and the response the healthy cows are the one that respond a lot in the beginning but after that they are okay they don't need that pmn those cells anymore the problematic cows are the ones that respond a lot and keepers or the ones that probably for poor nutrition or not having the components to establish a response they don't respond at all right so this come back to you need to have the ability to mount an inflammatory response but you cannot go overboard needs to be controlled in a certain amount of time like the beginning of lactation the first few days after that that needs to be resolved when it's not resolved that's when we start having problems and that's actually their estimation of 30% of cows in the u.s. experience some type of endometriosis or metritis well it's a pretty big number right where I can just show you here if we feed the right amount of nutrients in this case amino acids they're limiting you can impact that response now another thing that we can do when we palpate that cow from those cows we also could take a tissue as simple and that's it's like a little forceps where you can collect a piece of that uterine tissue and then we can run gene expression for example and see what are the genes that are being affected by methionine or not and here I'm just showing you a few examples of some right and I'm dividing them in in lipids and pregnancy recognition here so in that uterus on days 15 30 and 70 tree you can see there is a tendency or a difference for this a poly protein enzyme and also this cholesterol as you transfer rates that are both involved in packaging lipid you guys remember from dr. rosaria's presentation a polyp a protein B a hundred and I think also dr. Santos did a pretty nice job talking about hey you don't want to have lipids circulating in the body of a cow without a protein associated with it is just imagine you're injecting towel to in the blood of a circulation of a cow pretty much you can I almost kill that cow right so you need that association of proteins but here we have all this - or we have these two enzymes ciated with this suit transferase and also forming that a polyp a protein that is still early on and this is my story here to tell you what it is but hey there is some lipid packaging happening inside the uterus of the cow and when we talk about other enzymes you can see that for example this fibroblast growth factor that's one that is impacted by interferon tau so it different tau impacts this guy here that it's gonna be responsible for improving pregnancy recognition and keeping that cow pregnant right so you can see that cows we've women protecting a finding they have a better expression of that also you can see that this homocysteine in hydrolase and both the doctor Rosario dr. Santos gave a pretty good explanation on methylation and all the pathways that methionine can go and interact with other components like choline you can see that this one is targeted through homocysteine but at some point it can goes also to the glutathione pathway if you remember glutathione peroxidase it's a very important enzyme for oxidative stress reduction impacted by selenium and vitamin E as well so you can see that interestingly enough in the beginning where we do need an inflammatory response for cows that's being more active in cows receiving the thymine and needless to say glucose coming to that uterus or more receptors for glucose could mean that now I have a better chance to nourish that embryo that is coming right and I also give an energy that's something that dr. Baumgarten iowa did a pretty good job and say hey there's a cost to inflammation and he was able actually to measure how much does it cost for that inflammatory response right so we do want to make sure we have a good a port of nutrients in the uterus and actually this is happening better when we are feeding her and protect Nathon and again giving the cow watching nothing else and we also wanted to know now if that Umbra dough it's being affected okay so one of the things we harvest those embryos sent to our collaborator dr. Peter Hanson in Vista Florida at that time his student dr. Dan Cohen how at UC Davis they were able to through immuno labeling with antibodies check the amount of lipids inside those embryos and the embers coming from causal fadna finding they had more lipids than the cows in control not that they were fat they just had more lipids and that's all we knew from this pork and a lot of hypotheses were created about it but the other half of the embryos through a collaboration with Purdue and the lipid omics Center each individually one of them we could we were able to measure the amount of fat and you can see that it seems to be an throughout analysis we saw higher to achieve glycerol inside those embryos mostly polysaturated that could represent that that fat actually has been used for energy purposes so if you think about a seven-day embryo he does require some energy to establish and to keep growing until it hatches and now it also is able to capture more that a uterine correspondence with the nutrients and by the way we were able also going through a more in-depth process but similar to determine the fatty acids there were in that uterine tissue and you can see interestingly enough at 15 days in milk there is no difference between cows with rumen protected myth finding or not probably cause a lot of those fatty acids or were not very needed at that point however as you go to thirty and seventy three days in milk you can see that this fatty acids now they have an a higher proportion in the uterus of the cows and for example this unsaturated or polyunsaturated fatty acids there's some very new research in the past done by dr. staples showing how does that poly saturation or in saturation came actually impact negatively the prostaglandinf2-alpha production and that would keep the cows more pregnant so seems like here all this story that dr. resort was talking about in the liver it's also happening in the uterus of the cow and for me the reason is we want to keep any pregnancy from coming and that's what's happening the uterus is packaging throughout those enzymes that I showed the fat the fat is here and now we are transferring that to the embryo most likely to that embryo as it grows nonetheless we don't have research on anything after in the fetus and in the embryo or in the fetus after those seven days right now we move states and we go up north to the University of Wisconsin very nice work done by dr. Milo booth banks group and a puncher was they student at that time and he did these transcriptomics here right and what I did it was they checked all the genes that were being expressed in those embryos that came from cows that were fed with room and protect Metheny or not they had two treatments and what they saw out of all the genes right through 30 genes were impacted and out of those two were highly expressed or more expressed and cows receiving room protected Matheny one we don't know what it is we don't have that in the library yet but the other one was for that the poly pop protein tree like type of metabolite and again dr. Sawyer talked a lot about it in that webinar but here it is that's that protein needed to transport the fat so when we talk about amino acids and protein we cannot forget that they seem to be very very related and associated with transporting fat from the liver but now so we are seeing in the uterus as well and inside the embryo another group done by that same group huge huge amount of work you're gonna see why but what they did was they fed cows from 30 days after calving to a hundred and twenty eight days after calving in they had two treatments pretty straightforward top dress Metheny or not and they did that diluted and dry distillers grain and there was in a commercial farm a lot of work because I have to drop the top dress make sure those cows are eating the top dress if not they have to be kicked out of the research right because they didn't eat enough to off the treatment so in the end they end up with 309 cows it's a pretty good number and they had the chances to do with preemie Paris cows and multiparous cows as well what we don't have enough in our data set right out there and the main thing that I wouldn't bring to you from that experiment is that the preemie Paris the embryonic loss when they check for pregnancy two time points the embryonic class was lost was the same however when I go to the multi Paris cows the control cows not receiving the finding they had 19 percent of embryonic loss now remember I told you the beginning 10 to 20 percent is typical so the control cows that farm is not an outlier it's reading the typical numbers however what is a typical for us is this reduction or understanding that yeah you can reduce that embryonic loss if we feed remain protected Metheny and the highlight of the paper they go a little bit beyond and actually this is a ultrasound picture with the pregnancy here and they were able to measure that pregnancy the volume of that embryo and could translate that into numbers and you can see that right here the embryos from cows receiving room and protected my meth I mean they were bigger than the control again probably because of a lot of the factors that I told you before on enzymes and also the Constitution and the probably the nutrients that that embryo was getting since day seven impacted throughout when they practice cows from 28 or 60 days so really interesting research done by a different group but they really put together really tells the story right and here dr. Lords group at University of Illinois we were able to measure actually the placental tissue from cows being fed in a finding or not during the transition period so as soon as that cow calf the student fernanda but to stay out now at and I always forget now that she's in the university I remember in a few minutes okay but she collected the placenta and then we could do some analysis on that so if you think about it Utah she's at the University of Utah okay so that fetus is gonna be nourished through the placenta so we have the blood system the whole circulation in the cow and she needs to transfer that to nourish that feeders to grow right and that is done through the placenta through the placenta is depending on which side right you are on that placenta but there are a lot of signaling transporters that are gonna be responsible for that so I mean no acids and you have fatty acids everything right and one of the things that we found was there's this m4 pathway that we know me finding directly effects any respond is responsible for protein production pretty much right we saw this tendency that the phosphorylated way actually activate one is more present in the placenta of those cows that receive room protect Matheny so indicating hey there's more singly going for growth on those on the percent of those cows and when we look at the body weight of those calves at birth it really reflected on those calves being a little bit bigger or heavier and again there was no difference in dystocia so all cabins were nope problematic no differences among treatment so very interesting insight now that that effect is going through the whole pregnancy not so much in the beginning and like we were talking about now this is a research that is just coming out of our lab and my students Laura Faubourg here honey and Britney did a pretty good job you can talk to them at the 80s a meeting I think it's gonna be happening online but you can talk to them online hopefully throughout their posters and oral presentations but we are trying to understand the same thing I'm talking to you about the meth I mean from the lysine side of things so pretty much we are feeling lysine or not before calving and then we are feeling lysing or not after calving always feeding women protect them athenian as well but in a fixed-rate and we are reaching to that one point to again don't get too crazy if that number try to get as close as possible this is the percentage of lysine that we have of that MP and here is for the treatment and here the same numbers for after calving right how much we are getting so you're targeting a hundred grams of metabolizable lysine before Kevin and 200 grams of metabolizable lysine after calving those for 330 days so just to simplify this is a factorial design right so you either feed or not licensed before calving cow calves now I can keep giving lysine to her or not and all the way around and you have then treatments where I'm feeding lies in the whole time I'm only feeding before calving after calving or I'm not feeling at all and actually that was one of the points that dr. Santos highlighted in his presentation saying hey when we tried to do a man analysis we didn't find a lot of papers talking about independently during the transition period pre and post feeding amino acids so that's one of the things we want to achieve to try to to convey that message and understand that so not going details on the diets I just want to tell you again normal diet we are using the contrary energy concept you can see wheat straw there and we're not using blood meals so that can reflect two diets in other places where you don't have blood meal we are going to moderate on that starch and again you're not supposed to be looking at crude protein but here is we go from fourteen to sixteen point seven crude protein if that's important but that should not be as important for you at least at this point and what did we see when we look at body weight and body condition score before calving there was this effect that if I fed lysine seems like I got a little bit more body weight in the last two weeks or previous to the two weeks before calving and seems like the body condition score after calving it's being handled a little bit different so that would be mainly adipose tissue so the cows that are receiving room protect lysine before calving seems like they're handling the lipids or that metabolism a little bit different there is some associations that we hypothesized that we can check later on that's where my students is gonna be working now Laura is to understand how carnitine that we know lysine is a precursor are off and we also have research from Draco's lab showing that hey if we give carnitine cows can oxidize better lipids and therefore provide more energy for milk or for maintenance so I think that some of the things that are happening that we need to explain a little bit better but we intercept ly enough we saw an impact of feeding lysine before calving on after calving intake so there's a tendency for cows receiving lysine before calving that they would eat more after calving no difference in milk yield in this point here right when I just count for the milk yield however when I count for the solids in the milk either energy corrected milk or fat corrected milk you can see that you have that higher milk yield right with the components and all the components they are greater as wells so telling me that ya feeding lysine before calving is very important for this effect we didn't capture off the effect of feeding the lysine by itself after calving our hypothesis here is that throughout and I think Belle and others they kind of talk about it that really well and they suggest the higher amount of MP not 800 grams but 12 or 1300 grams is that during that time there is a preparation or there is the the cow is getting ready to cave and there is a lot of colostrum that needs to be performing the eval I it starts to be regenerated or that memory Glen now starts getting it ready to produce milk and we know that lysine comes from a group of amino acids that really doesn't go straight to the liver like defining like we know it's more on the group that goes to the mammary gland has that preference so we think that before calving that lysine helped with the development of that mammary gland to prime itself for milky milk composition and milk you do after calving that's what we think and I think that after calving now the lysine is be important for that correlation with me finding to be able to work right so I think that's where we captured the best of both towards we didn't do any mammary gland biopsies before Kevin I think that's an area that we you would like to go and we also we already know that for example Matheny is an amino acid that is important for mammary gland cell regeneration because in another trial we induce cows to be under heat stress and we saw that the amino acid methionine was Abe was helpful in improving the cell death of a villa under heat stress so they survived more right so that's kind of where we want to go but more discussion we also go into the reproduction side of things and my student Ernie she put together is nice infographics here where cows consume Irian protect and defining when we look into those PM ends in the uterus if they received lysine before calving or before and after calving you had a lower amount of those inflammatory cells when we took a biopsy at date 30 cows receiving after calving or after and before they had a tendency to have more cells per gland we could mean a better communication and signaling in all these pathways that I told you happening between the uterus and the fetus or it on the uterus itself remember that those are like kind of epithelial cells so just like our hands those cells are being they are being generated and the turnover needs to be a little bit higher because you have new cells coming all the time the same thing is happening with the uterus and we think that that lysine before and after calving is helping with that as well as some gene expression of some genes involved in the pro-inflammatory that can help to with inflammation in the uterus are also more expressing the ureters a clear effect also on the reproductive tract and most likely fertility of cows when we give them what's required that we know for 19 years 19 years old at least that the methionine and lysine so take him home message here and I put this bar because you know after vet school and going through vet school and working in the field for five years as a veterinary we all got driven to this business pretty much because we love cows we like cows a lot so but I think that sometimes we just forget to look into individual cows to try to give a better picture of the whole thing right so that's what I did here and I'm showing you one cow from one experiment that she's an a control energy diet negativity cared and amino acids again that's kind of the strategies we talk about that review paper that I mentioned in the beginning but she's in a control energy diet before calving then she calves here is she three days in milk right don't worry about the vaginal discharge again she doesn't have a fever she's dealing well what means is that she's being able to mount a defense or inflammatory response to be able to make that uterine involution and cell regeneration let her do her job right if she if we give her the tools she's gonna do it and now that's her 17 days in milk you see very nice body condition score of course she's not gonna be the one winning your Dairy Expo at anytime soon but just a cow in our system going through right now and here I have any pounds per day right so pretty much what we usually see her intake when we see those contra energy diets they don't tank on intake it's pretty much flat after calving she starts eating and then you have a good colostrum but by 13 days in milk that cows are producing a 158 pounds of milk right so 71 kilos and for our system that's excellent and I can paraphrase Garda John's here saying that usually milk is the absence or the reflection of no stress so coming from comfort right that in our system here is not the best in the world but also coming from the nutrition perspectives if we give what the cow needs if we give those strategies that are out our hands now we can unleash the cows and the potential of those cows and hopefully we can multiply that throughout the whole herd right so as a summary you know perhaps that left column over there that's something that we are more used to see the effects in new queued mill components and intake however we now are discovering this whole reproduction effect on all the aspects of it from the follicle being produced right the old side from that primordial follicle until the placenta until that calf is being born and I think we're gonna be seeing much more information on epigenetics and how those calves are gonna perform and I'll bet that that's gonna be changed as well in the sense of improvement when we just give what the county is for we dr. sense of shock about methylation and everything else right I'm not gonna go in that thing this is slide but I want to show you kind of the numbers and the relationship that we use if you go back to Van Amburg and dr. Schwab's presentation is pretty similar to what they're talking about but I want to give to you what I've been talking about throughout this presentation but it's nothing different if you follow those guidelines for amts right and I really encourage you guys to follow this progress I think all farmers in the US or in the world they should be above 25 for sure over 20% year-round if not that some things to pursue and again nutrition can be impact can impact that and that embryonic death if you're not doing so I encourage you to go and check cows at 30 40 days and then check again at 60 days and see what you're losing you're gonna be losing something that's nature that's biology right but if you can go below 10% that would be a first girl if you are at 20% I just show you there make sure the nutrition has all the amino acids and everything that we talked about it as I start right before I say thank you again I'm just have a plug in here on our conference so I'm part of the planning committee for this four state they're in nutrition conference so that's coming in June 10th it's gonna be for the first time all online so you guys all over the world can register for it it's going to be true zooom we're gonna send you a link and you can watch it for 60 days that everything is gonna be recorded but this year interesting enough the pre-conference of the morning side is gonna be sponsored by aerosol and they are providing three speakers dr. Rosario that you saw in this webinar series dr. Milo wilt Bank from Johnson and dr. Hannigan that are going to be talking about different aspects of amino acid balancing and then they also going to be doing breakout sessions and there's gonna be other talk topics discussed during that conference so if you go for state Darin org you can find that link you can register and I think it's gonna be a pretty interesting program that also fits I'm gonna be talking about heat stress and how women protected math I mean can alleviate that so it's the 30 minute break break outs that you can guys can SS record it there then with that I'd like to thank again how the students that make all this discovery as possible right a lot of those findings come from their suggestions and from their minds our checkers on this social media now and we are always posting some new discoveries and sometimes we try to release some videos trying to explain some complicated pathways like what is mattre check and how is this inflammation going on in the uterus you can find some videos in our youtube channel and then we try to convey that over social media as well [Music]