[Music] thank you also for the invitation for giving me today the possibility to speak a little a little bit about another components of the other diet and focus mainly my activities on energy and amino acids and especially in order to implement precision fitting so now we'll investigate other components of other diet I work next my talk first by some basic of the regulation of balance and in the pig well I'm not a physiologist I'm a nutritionist then I will I will use my nutritionists eyes to investigate this this topic then after this basically represented context why do we focus on this criteria and then we will see what other available results on this criteria in the literature during the post weaning period during the growing fattening period and also on sows so probably you will see the only slides I have on post wind of piglets so on this table you can see that one of the main criteria that helped to the the animal to regulate is homeostasis status is a pH and this criteria is very very strongly regulated but by a lot of different mechanisms that help to buffer the system and we the animals have to birth has a system because we when we feed them in fact it corresponds with nest load due to the utilization of Cobo at rights and this acid load can be easily checked because we can measure pH below 7 in the year in animals especially pigs and especially horses lactating cells as to face extra exposure and in such situation one of the adaptation they they use to regulate the body temperature is an increase of the ventilation rate and doing that there is a loss of carbon dioxide and that is then there is a risk of her respiratory alkalosis then this is a major risk for the soldier lactation then an effect on the potential effect on the pH or an activation of the buffer systems at least for the growing animals there are different things that can happens either vomiting but it's rather seldom in pigs more risk of diarrhea yeah we we spoke a lot of about this problem and in this case it can lead to an acidosis and then the growing pigs a young pigs is exposed to this risk due to the accumulation of stress in the body that is a context for about the acid bath status of other Pig particularity of the pigs now wait what is the problem brief description about the problem of potential risk of decreased pH and the body it will have some influence on the enzymatic activities the structure will be changed and the efficiency will be reduced it will also cause some aggression so the on those the skin can see some effects on the on the animal or so on on the digestive tract I will present you the result of one study that investigated the effect of a city on a stomach ulcer also a risk of mobilization a resorption of minerals in the bones and also consequences on the immune system arsons nervous systems and because is that almost all the major functions of the animal are susceptible to be impaired by any more change in pH well just some brief information we will be interested by some electorate today and we will focus mainly on the sodium potassium when there is a absorption of these vector rises in the blood it contribute to an increased pH and in contrast when we consider cloris chlorine it will help to decrease pH okay then what we do we consider as dietary electrolytes there are of course ketchum well in fact in pigs we focus mainly on sodium potassium chlorine sometimes sulfates and then as you will have a copy of the slide I just remind you that the way to calculate a dietary catcher and yonder difference but we do not use so much this criteria we mainly use the dietary electronic balance just focusing on sodium potassium and chlorine just to mention that when you you want you to check the dietary concentration just be careful because sometimes this electrolyte is rather difficult to obtain in the laboratory well what is the context when we consider this criteria and formulation or not the first thing we have to consider is that formulation over the years during the year is not like a quiet river we have to face sudden changes in feed price that contributes to change the price of interest of foodstuff in our diets and for example I focus here on the wheat price and the soybean meal price for 20 years you can see sudden changes so it's the price that we have to pay when the feed stuff arrived in Britain in France and you can see it's a very huge increase for example 2012 and in such cases we have to decide the we have to continue to incorporate soybean or can we reduce it and what are the consequences in the component composition of the diet even if we maintain the net energy values of the amino acid the value etcetera whose isn't some difference so we have to face these changes in food stuff price we have also to change to to consider the constrain with the demand of the society especially for a reduced impact of the peak production on the environment and if you consider that fattening pigs for example contributing we know fattening very fattening unit to 70% of the feed intake and then you can see that more than 60% of the outputs nitrogen phosphorus gas emission etc you can see that we have to make a lot of effort to reduce the environmental input through the better wait better better diets formulated for for pigs and for example here you can see that if we switch from two-phase feeding strategy to multi-phase feeding strategy using low CP that is low crude protein diets and help to reduce with a very large it has a very big impact on the outputs especially nitrogen for example more around 20% then this this motivate this is a motivation to switch from standard diet diets we have used for decades to new formula and in this case if which which changed from regular soy been conserved in diet to a very different one probably the other components in the die to consider presently in we do not focus only on the reduction of crude protein in the diet to reduce nitrogen impact we also try to provide each animal each day the right amount of nutrients in he requires and this is why I mentioned in the introduction also the fact that we focus a lot of effort on the precision feeding of animals and both the price of the foodstuff the governmental constraints and the the fact that we want to improve the efficiency of the resource utilization contribute to a reduction of the incorporation rate of proteins which sources which is allowed by the fact that we can use synthetic amino acid to maintain the essential amino acid in the diet well let's consider now the electrolyte concentration of the feed stock what appears here the sodium sodium potassium chlorine and the calculated dietary electrolyte balance in the endless row and what you see is that protein sources that we want to reduce in our diets are in fact the foodstuff that are very that present a very high electrolyte balance compared to two grains or other food stuff so if we represent the figure in a different way you can you can find again the Emir's here very high level of crude protein and also supply of a level of electric balance that is higher amino acids well depends if you consider the licence supplied as a powder with the supply of of chlorine or liquid lysine but otherwise they do not bring so many extra lights so it means that if you reduce the protein rich sources and you you balance your diet with synthetic amino acid then you will reduce the dietary electrolyte balance so I've made some some formula here where in fact I tried to reduce the crude protein level of my diets either during the growing thin face or the finishing phase and I try to reduce the crude protein level but with with a minimum value of the dietary electric balance in my in my in the basis of from my constraints or formulation and you can see that depending word size it was calculations performed few years ago but you can see that if I I tried to reduce from six 16.5% of protein and remove this minimum value I'm not able to decrease the protein content below sixteen point two because of the constraint I put on the dietary electrolytic balance but if I can use something if it's off here for example sodium bicarbonate to balance this criteria I'm able to reduce to reduce more the the incorporation rate of soybean meal and my diet to meet the expectation of what I expect as a minimum value of the electrolyte balance and in this case it helps to reduce the crude protein content to even lower level and it's the same during the finishing phase it means that if we have if I add not this minimum value of the ebee year I would have get a lower ve and maybe it can be a problematic or see later on so it is a way to see what do I have to talk to balance in school I AB by which extra feed stuff I didn't use before on it so let's move now to some results that are available in the literature on the effect of electrolyte balance first put during the post weaning period in most cases at this time animals are fed at Libertines and finally in fact the the effect on feed conversion ratio can be different from one study to another and in most cases we consider that the effect we see on average it again is very connected with what we see on the feed intake so on this slide I have collected many studies some of them are more recent than others but you can see that they were performed more in the 90s on the big this century and there I have put and on this I've expressed a result due to difference between studies the result based on with the highest energy obtained with each study and comparison depending on the level of the dietary electric balance and up something that is to to light but underneath there is some curls here finally when we consider all these studies while at this time I do not dare to call it a meta-analysis but the spirit is there we can consider that over this range between 100 and 275 we get the the best ADG average daily gain on average if we switch now to the growing-finishing period we can make the same exploration of the literature with pretty older studies and this time we can see that the optimal range would be run this well it means from 175 to 300 you can see that as a matter of fact we have we are who can work over very large ranges of value due to the the number of different buffer systems that are that absolutely picture to regulate his acid-base status well one study that was available in addition to the previous one in in Italy focus on the effect of the electric balance on the carcass leanest was performed at in the hongjila and finally there was a significant effect of this creature here but but the difference was mainly due to the two low electrolyte balance we can see that on at this level 140 tips to penalize the the link on top of animals another criteria was a digestibility of the other components of the diet where Eden West indicated that when you decrease to low levels the electrolyte balance then you start to impair the digestibility of amino acids but also you can see that at this point the adjustability of energy was also impaired so it means that there are some changes in the in the gut or so that you can start to modify what the animal is able to do with the nutrient that are supplied those consequence was rather a big change in nitrogen retention Wow there was some question this morning about the technology applied to the diet and how it is supplied to the animal I found one study on American one on the the presentation of the diet do we have to use mash or do you have to use some pellets in which then it means that can there is also a confusion then with the way we can use them because mash will in most cases will be used in the liquid feeding system compared to pellets that can that are used in the dry system well in fact you can see that's not so easy to make any difference but probably I think that I think it is the same also from for drip losses stomach how sometimes difficult when you want to study a stomach also sometimes difficult to have some and then recruit is that's easy to do to work but what what the this study indicated that when there was a almost annainsea here is that with even with with food stuff that we are ground not so finely a rather course there was a a lower percentage of safe stomachs then more air sir when the electronic balance was too low well was low then which it was concluded due to this problem it was probably too low but on this this study it was not possible to find any significant difference but you can see that well the the minimum value was a little bit higher than this one the probably the range was not was not low enough to demonstrate this effect but you can see that here there was a more peak that we are safe but no extra data were obtained or published to indicate that increasing statistical power of the study the result would have been a significant on it well so during the growing phase based on the different criteria that can be investigated we can probably conclude that the range of the value would be from 175 and 300 in most cases presently our formula spontaneously will adjust around 200 and more during the below has the lowest value of of the other range okay well now I will switch to the to the south especially during the late gestation and during lactation well few years ago an American study indicated that maybe we can take advantage of what has the work that has been done on dairy cows in order to improve the situation of our sows that following especially within the context of a very high proficiency it means that in order the problem now of course is a problem of low survival of our piglets it's a welfare issue that we have to solve and also of course an economic issue and the indicator probably we can have different way to think about the problem either as the sanitary one or a physiological one then that if we manage to to reduce a little bit of blood pH assuming that it is possible without any pain or problems for anymore or at least if we stimulate some buffers system we can then reduce your urinary page then the the salutary pressure due to the the half of the sow and then the infectious pressure on the piglets add of the other the other way to think about the problem and to try to stimulate survival rate through a different electronic balance of the other in the gestation or legislation diet would be to modify the mineral metabolism especially the Cal Samiha that is also involved in as a kind of buffer system carbonate calcium carbonate and in fact if we modify this balance maybe if we can stimulate the absorption of calcium all the calcium release and the blood it can help to stimulate the uterine muscle contraction and in there it goes it's a way to prevent the milk fever of the south well I will not go further because it's not my topic there but you can see we can try to find to use experience of from other species well so another way to think so it was a way to to to to to investigate the topic through the South what are the consequences of what happens during the the following for the piglets is that if the following process is not good to long we spoke yesterday we saw some interesting results about what can determine the duration of the following well if we have to long following then we can have a bad fatality score due to also what happens sons and piglets with what is what what happens want to pH due to gas exchanges asphyxia Xbox ebooks you etc so we can see that also electorate can be involved in in the fetus before the the birth well then a recent a recent trials that are collected so in the samples you can see that some people are still working on this couch aya focus not exactly on the on the electrolyte balance but it was more on the dietary kg onion difference but I converted in an electric balance so you can have the figure and you can see that ranging a criteria ranging from 25 to well more than 135 was associated with very huge difference in the pH in urine but a very very stable pH in the blood so it illustrates how strong of a buffer system involved in the regulation because the survivor finally of the animal depends on this ability to regulate the value of the pH I present it as an introduction around the 7.4 so you can see here that the pH is much more lower reduced with lo ve what is interesting to see is the consequences on the minerals of the soul and especially the soda a lot of results you can see you can find this this paper and easily but one result was that was very interesting was a consequence on calcium because I spoke before about the hypothesis between calcium release etc and and muscle contraction during firing what we see is that when the ve is reduced we find more calcium in urine a little bit more also in feces that means that there is a reduced digest digestion digestibility of the other cars room and so we we find more calcium in the urine but when we check the value of the calcium in the blood it's still very strongly laterz or like ph but with the different diets that has been supplied to the south the calcium intake was similar then it means that if the cell excreted more calcium urine and regulate the calcium in the blood that was calcium coming from elsewhere where does it come from of course from the bones so it it is a way to illustrate the calcium resorption from the skeleton then it means that if we we would like to reduce the electrolyte balance for some good reason for example following process we have to be very we have to be very careful not to use such kind of diets for over to long period because it has some very important consequences on the bones quality of the soul and some cases we can it happens with in the past that since some herds that received very acidic diets had a lot of problems of broken legs etc so we have to be be careful but how long can we use such kind of of diet so this was a recent study well the the the length with the survival rate and the electrode balance is illustrated in this slide one with three studies the first one in 2003 by DeRusha it was very interesting one because it indicated that compared to an electric balance of around 100 moving switching to around zero was more interesting because it improved significantly the survival rate of piglets and it was calculated around 10 days of age but more recent publications obtained by a chang steam & budo and steam so the last one is at INRA we can see that finally in these studies it was not possible to the most rate a significant improvement of survival well just to mention the first studies were obtained with a very small litter size compared to the one calculate obtained by budeau at era then what happens probably the the the way the way the range maybe was evolved I'm not sure I'm more convinced against you so before the consequence of the electric balance on the MacArthur metabolism probably there was also some interactions with the phosphorus status of the cell because when you when you check the other components of the diet you can see that the diets used by the Roche was much more high in phosphorus compared to the diets we use presently and is is it it is possible that there are some some connection between both components but presently there's no I didn't find any any papers on any trials that demonstrate it's pure speculation presently so some some other criteria that can be influenced by different electric battery during the late gestation or during also the beginning of the other lactation here just a one line that was significantly improved for change by the the treatment it was the immunoglobulins G and then it was conclude that probably using a low E B in addition to a potential effect on the frying process can also improve the amino mineralogy protection passive protection of the piglets for the colostrum quality so probably it's always the same if you have a no no no hi sanitary pressure you will not see anything but if you have some some problems in the health may be it can be a solution to investigate some performance during the lactation so here on this slide you can see a comparison between in two treatments with with electric balance around 175 percent and 100 milli equivalents per kilo more and in this case it was demonstrated at winning around three weeks of age there was a tendency to a higher milk production with the highest electric bands but finally other criteria we are not inference over this range of value you can see feed intake of the sow was not significantly different well the tendency was good two to four the the the the highest level of EB but not significantly and body weight and by the thickness will not change either it's always the same do we others say high statistical power or not to demonstrated this that there is a difference or not but finally the the figures are in agreement with with what could be expected through a better digestibility of nutrients with a higher EB another story but more more recent but in this case it was not possible to demonstrate a difference between the the weight at winning piglets but you can see for sows that were completely different they hit more and mobilized less so do we have to make some connections between this condition yeah probably but we have to investigate that well but here on in another study so always the same criteria this time you can see that comparing very low electronic balance in this case always the same value of electrolyte balance was gave me more interesting results in milk production because piglets were a little bit heavier at at winning compared to Lu Lu balance so finally it will well even if results are not systematically consistent from one study to another it helps to to make one's mind in the end what I want to explain is that probably we with dealing with this criteria is we have to to accept to be less precise and as that then when we consider amino acids or energy a try we we we carry that when we I was focusing on the effect of hot temperature on a lactating zone was that at this time when I started as a study at around this criteria in this condition in fact I first I reduce crude protein level in the lactation diets with the aim to reduce thermal effect of the feed and the hot exposure and we were rather disappointed because we didn't have the results we expected with these diets and then we wanted to to check what was was there something wrong in the diet that we formulated our or not and yes perhaps because at this time I didn't consider the electrolyte balance then I decided to to perform this this new trial at if hip and I used my control diet like as usual with crude protein content around the 16.6% and then I use my too low crude protein diets either with reduced DB because without any constraint in formulation or a GB that was expected to be the same like in the controller but when we measure the concentration of the electrolytes finally we didn't found the chlorine in the diet at the expected level that's why here the the value is is different but it was expected to be around 180 and finally we didn't find any any advantage or any difference when we use when we let other an EB change over this range but it's rather narrow range and finally well based on these results we can say that the results were obtained before was not due to the fact that EB was not taken into account in the previous studies on hot exposure of Sol but then it can mean that it indicates that we can reach lower values of EB during the lactation than probably during the gestation then based on the addition of all the criteria obtained collected in the available studies what we see is that probably during the late gestation you can expect good results of using a low low wear electrolyte balance totally late gestation but I insist on the fact that these diets can have to be used of a short period of time few years ago it was not even possible to imagine that farmers could use a different diet during the last week of gestation presently with the challenge that I purple if you can see arises now with some farmers are using a different diet during late gestation increase the level of amino acids modified the fibers modifies the energy level then why not the electrolyte balance over this period of time and your lactation then probably the the EB has to be a little bit higher but without with something settle in certainties due to results attack can be inconsistent from one study to another then if we consider all these results unconvinced that we have to take this critter into account in formulation and this is presently done in routine when we carry out our studies experimental studies we check because now we do not longer use of very stable diets of all the time so we have to take this into account and we can suggest some recommendation during each period of the pig production so that we can we can expect to reach the values indicated on the on the slide here and some some fear studies in fact indicate that probably we have to which to make a dynamic in the way we we consider this creature yada like it is a case for other components of the diet and that probably the gestation like diet has to be a little bit with a higher DB than the lactation diet that that's why I put this value Iran I insist that in fact if you use a diet that which could be formulated around 220 media quiver lot then switch during the lactation to the one here that you do not have to to to cross in this direction or this direction just to be consistent if you use a value that is a low one within the range of join just like gestation just be consistent during the lactation and that I think it's a time now it's time for your question thank you thank you very much for your presentation and there's a few questions as well and the first one is is there any difference between the use of sodium bicarbonate or sodium sulfate for the DEP in pig diets well I think I indicated that sulfate can also be considered as a as a component of the bay status of the animal so it depends I think on the on the on the way of the the the diets are formulated with extreme values of software or not presently I think the problem is not so acute like in in the dairy cows for example but probably a little bit yeah okay well it will be less it would be can have an impact compared to of course sodium percarbonate because the carbonates are not considered like like an electrolyte per se yeah okay and the next question patek by increasing the DB we are supposed to increase the blood pH pH does intestinal pH will it be reduced because of the annual cation extreme exchange when we increase a B we do not there is not a tight relationship between the but blood pH and the EB because there are numerous buffer systems that are involved in pH regulation what we what we do doing that is that we we stimulate we yeah it stimulates that's right well but we we make the system to contribute more to the regulation then when we use or an average balance and then considering the the luminol in the in the died digestive tract well there are some some regulation absorption of sodium chlorine and potassium based on what happens the blood so they can they can the absorption of electrodes can be modified due to what happens in the lumina and then if the pH is modified or so it can have some interactions with other nutrients especially minerals and calcium extra yes but for me I think well energy and amino acid were enough for me for formed at the beginning of my career our nutritionist and more recently I I was forced to investigate mirrors and well it's it's it's completely trusted topic that we that has been that has been probably underestimated for for a while because maybe I speak about cells because studies and sauce like so long and week was so so so so I thought but presently we fight purple if you can see we have to concentrate more on this creature again again there are some teams and era that are doing the job yes yes no okay and the next question is how many days does it take to change the pH of the urine by reducing the TP ah a good question yeah we'd say that it can be very rapid but because it's very reactive is there is an acid load in there in the body the animal reacts very very rapidly but I'm not able to say to answer is if it's five hours or snow days where I prefer a little bit like my answer yeah very reactive yes and the last question is what does the TP say when sulfur a constant is changed but not used in the DB like when the methane and a sustained change constant is change I think that we have to meet to calculate the extra load of Mitchell ins that was kept that was supplied to the animal at the end of that I think it will probably have some some consequences but if we go far from regular Oliver's we use we have to consider it and then we switch to to the dietary catchy unknown difference and we can see that the values are completely not the same the range of value so we have to define what is the criteria but I think if we we charge the sulfur the diet come means that we have to take it into account yet [Music] you